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Guidance on Formulating Compressed Solids
Published in Sarfaraz K. Niazi, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations, Third Edition, 2019
Efervescence is the reaction in water of acids and bases to produce carbon dioxide, and effervescent tablets are dissolved or dispersed in water before administration. An effervescent tablet is a tablet that contains acid substances and carbonate or hydrogen carbonate, which react rapidly in the presence of water to release carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid are added to the active ingredients to make the tablet effervescent. This preparation makes the tablet palatable. The advantages of effervescent formulations over conventional formulations are that the drug is usually already in solution prior to ingestion and can therefore have a faster onset of action. Although the solution may become diluted in the gastrointestinal tract, any precipitation should be as fine particles that can be readily redissolved. Variability in absorption can also be reduced. Formulations can be made more palatable, and there can be improved tolerance after ingestion. Thus, the types of drugs suited to this formulation method are those that are difficult to digest or are irritant to the mucosa. Analgesics such as paracetamol and aspirin and vitamins are common effervescent formulations. The inclusion of buffering agents can aid stability of pH-sensitive drugs. There is also the opportunity to extend market share and to deliver large doses of medication. Essentially, effervescent formulations are produced in the same way as conventional tablets, although due to the hygroscopicity and potential onset of the effervescence reaction in the presence of water, environmental control of relative humidity and water levels is of major importance during manufacture. A maximum of 25% relative humidity (RH) at 25°C is required. Closed material-handling systems can be used, or open systems with minimum moisture content in the ventilating air.
Frictional effects, mechanical strength, and disintegration of coffee mix tablet, effervescent coffee mix tablet and with added lubricant
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2020
Azifah Jamar, Mohd Shamsul Anuar, Suraya Mohd Tahir
Food powders compacted into effervescent tablets have found increasing usage in the food industry. Effervescent tablets have been utilized for probiotics (Nagashima et al. 2013) and fruit juice (Saifullah et al. 2014; Faridatul Ain et al. 2016). Recently, the use of Roselle, a herbal plant, in the form of an effervescent tablet for dental cleanser yields positive results (Machmud 2018). The use of effervescent tablets is favored due to its behavior when contacted with liquid, where the tablet disintegrates and dissolves into the solution accompanied by the fizzing effects of the released carbon dioxide gas promoting fast disintegration and dissolution (Ipci et al. 2016).