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Cardiovascular and Other Illnesses Caused by Diesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
Published in Ozcan Konur, Petrodiesel Fuels, 2021
Bai et al. (2001) study the cytotoxic mechanism of DEP on human pulmonary artery endothelial cells, focusing on the role of active oxygen species in vitro in a paper with 128 citations. They assessed endothelial cell viability by WST-8, a novel tetrazolium salt. They found that DEP extracts damaged endothelial cells under both subconfluent and confluent conditions. The DEP-extract-induced cytotoxicity was markedly reduced by treatment with ‘superoxide dismutase’ (SOD), catalase, ‘N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine’ (MPG), or ebselen (a selenium-containing compound with glutathione peroxidase-like activity). Thus superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and other oxygen-derived free radicals are likely to be implicated in DEP-extract-induced endothelial cell damage. Moreover, L-NAME and L-NMA, inhibitors of ‘nitrogen oxide’ (NO) synthase, also attenuated DEP-extract-induced cytotoxicity, while sepiapterin, the precursor of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, a NO synthase cofactor), interestingly enhanced DEP-extract-induced cell damage. They conclude that NO is also involved in DEP-extract-mediated cytotoxicity, which was confirmed by the direct measurement of NO production. These active oxygen species, including peroxynitrite, may explain the mechanism of endothelial cell damage upon DEP exposure during the early stage.
Cardiovascular Disease and Oxidative Stress
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Marco Fernandes, Alisha Patel, Holger Husi
ROS are widely recognised to be involved in a wide-spectrum of human diseases, affecting the cardiovascular system, several conditions related with metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other ailments, yet only a few antioxidant drugs are currently in use in the clinical setting. Examples of these are Ebselen for the treatment of cerebral infarctions, edaravone for ischemic stroke, alpha-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy, flavonoids such as diosmin, hesperidin and oxerutins for chronic venous insufficiency, and other flavonoids as the baicalein and cathechins for therapeutic intervention in osteoarthritis and an l-cysteine precursor, the N-acetylcysteine, mostly applied in the treatment of acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose (Suzuki, 2009), but has pharmacological roles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Fowdar et al., 2017), cystic fibrosis (Conrad et al., 2015), and some psychiatric disorders (Dean et al., 2011).
Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their protective, antioxidative effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2020
Dabei Fan, Li Li, Zhizhen Li, Ying Zhang, Xiaojun Ma, Lina Wu, Haohao Zhang, Feng Guo
The median lethal dose of sodium selenite (Se of 7 mg/kg body weight) estimated in animal models is almost 20 times lower than that of sulfides of selenium, and it is more than 900 times lower than that of elemental Se [11]. As per the US National Academy of Sciences, the daily intake of Se recommended is 55 µg for adults; however, it should not exceed the threshold limit of 400 µg [7]. On the other hand, a dose greater than 700 µg/day is considered to be toxic for adults as per earlier reports [12]. Selenium toxicity shows symptoms such as fatigue, disturbances in nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems as well as in connective tissues [11,13]. The attention of researchers in selenium and its effects on human health is increasing day-by-day and a wide range of selenium compounds which include organic, inorganic and natural products enriched with Se such as green tea probiotics, yeast and Se NPs were studied [3,8,10,14–18]. In recent times, organic compounds are widely studied as some of them show similar activity (e.g., diphenyl diselenide or ebselen) to that of glutathione peroxidase [19]. Furthermore, it was proved that diphenyl diselenide also possess many pharmacologically beneficial properties like hepatoprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, antidepressant, anti-hyperglycemic and antiulcer effects [19,20].