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Water management during the Pinto Valley removal action
Published in A.A. Balkema, Tailings and Mine Waste 2000, 2022
R.E. Weeks, R. Krohn, T.H. Walker
The embankment was comprised of compacted, low-permeability clayey borrow derived from a soft conglomerate exposed in the PVO open pit mine. This material was screened to remove its cobble fraction, then placed in lifts and compacted on grade. A centerline key trench was constructed in the dam foundation floor. The foundation materials consisted of a moderately-indurated and largely unfractured conglomerate. A downstream toe and blanket drain were also constructed, consisting of clean gravel encapsulated in two layers of nonwoven geotextile.
Principles of Landfill Barrier Systems
Published in T. H. Christensen, R. Cossu, R. Stegmann, Landfilling of Waste: Barriers, 2020
Thomas H. Chrristensen, Raffaello Cossu, Rainer Stegmann
Geocomposites are products obtained by combining two or more different geosynthetics and, sometimes, natural materials. The most typical configurations of geocomposites are: geotextile + bentonite + geotextile (bentonite geocomposite) and geotextile + synthetic drainage mat + geotextile (geocomposite drain).
Piping Design
Published in Herbert W. Stanford, Adam F. Spach, Analysis and Design of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2019
Herbert W. Stanford, Adam F. Spach
Special piping has limited HVAC applications that includes the following: Cast iron and ductile iron pressure pipe used for underground water systems.Plastic (including polyvinyl chloride [PVC], chlorinated PVC, high density polyethylene) is used for underground hydronic piping, cooling condensate drain lines, makeup (service) water piping, and in some applications with systems with small temperature gradients.
Lab-scale bioremediation technology: Ex-situ bio-removal and biodegradation of waste cooking oil by Aspergillus flavus USM-AR1
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
Nurshafiqah Jasme, Nur Asshifa Md Noh, Ahmad Ramli Mohd Yahya
The term waste cooking oil (WCO) generally refers to waste vegetable oil used in food production that is no longer viable for its intended use (Alias, Kumar, and Md Zain 2018). Vegetable oil consumption is currently estimated to be about 200 million tons worldwide (Marchetti et al. 2020). Teixeira, Ricardo, and Luís (2018) estimated 32 percent of the edible oil consumed ended up as waste. Consequently, 64 million tons of WCO are projected worldwide. Nonetheless, these oils have been finding their way into the sewage system and water bodies around the country. They are typically removed from the domestic wastewater treatment plants and shipped to landfill areas without prior treatment. They can cause problems in clogging drains and wastewater collection and treatment systems (Yaakob et al. 2013). In addition, they can also be hazardous to human health and the environment (Sözer and Sözen 2020). In water, the oil layer covers the surface and prevents the dissolution of oxygen, leading to a mass extinction of marine biota. Moreover, the mixture of oil and water increases the chemical oxygen demand (COD) for water and causes it to be toxic due to the presence of oil degradation by-products (Marchetti et al. 2020). Besides, carcinogenic compounds are absorbed by sea creatures and returned to humans through the food chain (Kulkarni and Ajay 2006; Jafari 2010; Kamilah, Kumar, and Tajul 2013). Most of the mechanical methods such as grease trapping and high-pressure water jets systems used to reduce these waste cooking oil disposals are time-consuming, expensive, and mainly depend on treatments in separate areas or better treatment facilities (Yaakob et al. 2013). These methods do not eliminate contamination, but merely relocate the problem. These oily wastes are also typically treated by landfilling, which is hazardous to the environment or by, anaerobic digestion (AD), which produces low energy-density biogas (Chen et al. 2018).