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Plasticizers
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Adipates are esters of adipic acid (C6H10O4). They are slightly volatile—with a high molecular weight and a boiling point of less than 250°C. As a plasticizer, adipates impart flexibility and low temperature and are UV resistant. The most commonly used adipate plasticizer is dioctyl adipate (Figure 8.4). Adipates are generally used along with phthalate plasticizers to improve cold resistance to plastics—cold resistant plastic sheeting, cable, electric wires, paints, varnishes, faux leather, and outdoor, exposed water pipes. Due to their slight volatility, products containing adipates used in indoor environments may potentially emit adipates, especially where there are slightly elevated temperatures.
Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Usually a marker or odorizing chemical is added as well. C-4 has a texture similar to modeling clay and can be molded into any desired shape. C-4 is stable and an explosion can only be initiated by the combination of extreme heat and shock wave from a detonator. The Composition C-4 used by the United States Armed Forces contains 91% RDX (“Research Department Explosive,” an explosive nitroamine), 5.3% dioctyl sebacate (DOS) or dioctyl adipate (DOA) as the plasticizer (to increase the plasticity of the explosive), 2.1% polyisobutylene (PIB, a synthetic rubber) as the binder, and 1.6% of a mineral oil often called “process oil.” Instead of “process oil,” low-viscosity motor oil is used in the manufacture of C-4 for civilian use.
Tailoring Binder Melting Temperature to Study the Binder Melt Layer Flow in Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellants
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2021
A. R. Demko, B. Lormand, Z. Doorenbos
The regression rate of the chain-extended HTPB was similar to the R45M with dioctyl adipate (DOA) plasticizer. However, differences in the regression rate were observed at the high laser flux and can be attributed to the increased melt flow. The fit lines appearing in Figure 3 are power fits to the data, thus producing the following relationship between power flux and pyrolysis rate: Rpyro = aqn, where a and n are empirical coefficients. As the laser energy was directed to the tailored HTPB binder, the binder melted and formed a low viscosity droplet. At the high laser flux setting, the droplet diameter was large enough to detach from the sample. When the binder droplet detached, the drip was collected in a weigh pan positioned below the binder pellet and the mass of the droplet was included in the regression rate calculation. The flow generated by the droplet exposed more solid surface, thereby increasing the required energy input to vaporize the binder. This trend was observed in the second set of tests where the melting temperature was changed. The data in Figure 3(b) indicated that the higher the melting temperature, the more the regression rate increased. Lowering the melting temperature was observed to lower the regression rate from the melt layer flow dynamics. Additionally, the lower melting temperature binder, B9, shows a plateau trend as the flux is increased and the trend line does not capture the actual trend. Melting temperature for the modified HTPB can be found in Table 1.
Lanthanum-doped ceria interlayer between electrolyte and cathode for solid oxide fuel cells
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2021
Hirofumi Sumi, Susumu Takahashi, Yuki Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Shimada
Anode microtubes were constructed from NiO (Sumitomo metal mining), YSZ, pore former (graphite; Showa Denko UF-G10) and binder (cellulose; Yuken Kogyo) powders. The weight ratio of NiO to YSZ was 60:40. These powders were mixed with a kneading machine by adding an appropriate amount of water over a period of 2 h. The anode microtubes were extruded using a piston cylinder with a metal hold with an outside diameter of 2.4 mm and an inside diameter of 2.0 mm. After extrusion, the tubes were dried overnight at room temperature in air. An electrolyte slurry was prepared by mixing YSZ, binder (polyvinyl butyral; Sekisui Chemical) dispersant (tallow propylene diamine, Kao) and plasticizer (dioctyl adipate; Wako Pure Chemical) into ethanol and toluene solvents for 48 h. The YSZ electrolyte thin-film was formed by dip-coating. The electrolyte thin-film and the anode microtube were co-sintered at 1400°C for 3 h in air. The GDC or LDC interlayer and (LSCF; Kusaka Rare Metal) cathode were coated in a similar manner. The interlayer and cathode were sintered sequentially at 1300°C for 2 h and at 1050°C for 1 h, respectively, in air. The outside diameter of microtube was 1.8 mm, and the cathode length was 10 mm after sintering. The thicknesses of the anode, electrolyte, interlayer and cathode were ca. 200, 10, 1 and 20 µm, respectively.
Rheological properties of dioctyl adipate-modified asphalt binder
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Zhen Fu, Ke Shi, Feng Ma, Rui-meng Song, Li Chen, Jia-sheng Dai, Wan-qing Shen
The above researches show that plasticizers have the characteristics of low cost and good compatibility, and the low-temperature crack resistance of asphalt can be effectively improved by the rational use of plasticizers. However, the commonly used plasticizers, such as DOP and DOM, the low temperature compliance range is generally −10°C∼−20°C, its modification effect will be greatly weakened at lower temperature. In Alpine areas and some northern regions, the average temperature in winter can reach to −30°C or even −50°C, DOP and DOM are not effective at this temperature. Therefore, we choose a cold resistant plasticizer, Dioctyl adipate (DOA), providing help for solving highway cracking in extremely cold area. DOA is a kind of modifier commonly used in the plastic industry. DOA has an excellent low-temperature performance, whose low temperature compliance temperature up to −52°C, and it has a remarkable plasticizing effect and almost no discolouration when heated. DOA can impart the modified products with a good low-temperature flexibility, light resistance and a certain water resistance (Kim et al. 2013). The aim of this paper is to study the effect of modifying asphalt with the plasticizer DOA on the rheological properties of asphalt. Dynamic shear rheology (DSR) was used to determine the rutting factor, and the master curve of the complex shear modulus and phase angle were constructed to evaluate the high-temperature rheological properties of the modified asphalt. The low-temperature rheological properties of the plasticizer-modified asphalt were evaluated by performing a routine performance test and glass transition temperature (Tg) and low-temperature bending rheology (BBR) tests. The aging resistance of the plasticizer-modified asphalt was evaluated. On this basis, the modification mechanism of the plasticizer-modified asphalt was studied by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The work of this paper will provide some new ideas for comprehensively elucidating the rheological properties of plasticizer-modified asphalt.