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Lignin
Published in Antonio Paesano, Handbook of Sustainable Polymers for Additive Manufacturing, 2022
A most sound environmental use of lignin is as a feedstock to formulate polymers (Saito et al. 2012) possessing high thermal stability and good flow resistance (Holmberg et al. 2016a, 2016b), adhesives (Wang et al. 1992; Danielson and Simonson 1998a, 1998b; Bonini et al. 2005; Stewart 2008; Zhang et al. 2013; Ghaffar and Fan 2014), chemicals, and carbon fibers (Kadla et al. 2002a, 2002b). Upton and Kasko (2016) published a recent and wide-ranging review on methods to synthetize polymers derived from lignin, monolignols and lignin-derived chemicals, and argued that lignin can play a major role in reducing the consumption of fossil feedstocks. In fact, through degradation methods and chemical processing, lignin has been converted into vanillin, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl sulfoxide, and has served as a macromonomer for the synthesis of PUs (Mahmood et al. 2016), PETs, epoxide resins, hydrogels, vinyl-based graft copolymers, and phenolic resins. Finally, lignin is often chemically modified (functionalized) to decrease its brittleness, increase solubility in organic solvents, improve processability and reactivity. Lignin is also being studied for advanced materials and applications, such as nanomaterials (Duval and Lawoko 2014; Tran et al. 2016; Roopan 2017), biomedicine (Figueiredo et al. 2018), and biotechnologies (Roopan 2017).
Methanogens and MIC
Published in Kenneth Wunch, Marko Stipaničev, Max Frenzel, Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021
Timothy J. Tidwell, Zachary R. Broussard
Methylotrophic methanogenesis occurs when methylated substrates such as methanol, methylamines, or methylated sulfur compounds like methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, or methylated thiols are reduced to methane. Previously, this pathway was thought to be limited to the orders Methanomassiliicoccales, Methanobacteriales, and Methanosarcinales; however, putative methylotrophic methanogenesis has recently been described in the proposed archaeal phylum Verstraetearchaeota, Candidatus Methanofastidiosa, Candidatus Bathyarchaeota, within members of the phylum Korarchaeota, and Methano-natronarchaeia suggesting that methylotrophic methanogens are much more diverse and widespread than previously thought (Nobu, et al. 2016, Söllinger and Urich 2019, Vanwonterghem et al., 2016).
Atmospheric Pollution and Pollutants
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Sulfur compounds are emitted from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources and produced as a result of atmospheric chemical processes. Major atmospheric S compounds include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and reduced S compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulfide ((CH3)2S), carbon disulfide (CS2), and carbonyl sulfide (COS).
A review on the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on solid atmospheric particles: Implications for sulfate formation in haze chemistry
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Qingxin Ma, Chunyan Zhang, Chang Liu, Guangzhi He, Peng Zhang, Hao Li, Biwu Chu, Hong He
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is released into the troposphere by fossil fuel combustion and volcanic emissions, as well as by the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and other sulfur compounds of biogenic origin (Seinfeld & Pandis, 2016). Due to the massive combustion of fossil fuels, especially coal, the anthropogenic emission of SO2 into the atmosphere has increased rapidly since 1850(Smith et al., 2011). In industrial areas with intensive SO2 emission, the formation of strong acidic droplets containing sulfur acid (H2SO4) has caused severe air pollution episodes such as the Meuse valley smog in Belgium (1930), the Donora smog episode in Pennsylvania (1948), and the Great Smog of London (1952). In addition, SO2 can be transported more than 1000 km because its atmospheric lifetime is up to several days, and may cause regional pollution problems (Patel et al., 1974). It was reported that half of SO2 emitted to the atmosphere is converted to sulfur acid or sulfate (Chin et al., 1996), which has adverse effects on air quality, climate change, ecosystem, and human health (Finlayson-Pitts & Pitts, 2000).
Microwave-assisted safe and efficient synthesis of α-ketothioesters from acetylenic sulfones and DMSO
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Based on our previous work [23,24], and the above control experiments, the reaction mechanism with 1a as an exmple substrate can be proposed as presented in Scheme 4. Initially, dimethyl sulfoxide nucleophilically attacks the acetylenic sulfone 1a, producing a zwitterionic intermediate A, which cyclizes into a four-membered ring intermediate B. It further undergoes a 4e ring opening to generate sulfonium ylide 3 [22]. After the formation of the sulfonium ylide 3, dimethyl sulfide is generated through the decomposition of dimethyl sulfoxide with the aid of the ylide 3 under heating [24]. Dimethyl sulfide dissociates into the methylthiyl and methyl radicals. The methyl radical further reacts with the ylide 3 to form a new radical intermediate C, which abstracts a hydrogen atom from dimethyl sulfide to afford the intermediate 4. It shows a silightly different radical process from our previously reported one [24] because the current reaction is perfomed at lower reaction temperature (120 °C) than previous one (160 °C) and the corresonding dimethyl disulfide and dimethylthiomethane were not observed in the current GC-MS anaylsis.
Future year (2028) source apportionment modeling to support Regional Haze Rule planning in the western U.S.
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Michael Barna, Ralph Morris, Patricia Brewer, Tom Moore, Gail Tonnesen, Kevin Briggs
OLYM (Figure 5) is located on the Olympic Peninsula of western Washington and is near the Canadian border and the densely populated Puget Sound area, and approximately 90 km northwest of Seattle. Future year particle visibility impacts of 34.6 Mm−1 are attributed to a combination of U.S. anthropogenic, international, natural, and wildfire emissions (Figure 5(a)). The sulfate and nitrate impacts from U.S. anthropogenic sources are primarily from emissions within Washington (Figures 5(b,c)), followed by a small contribution from Oregon sources. Washington’s mobile and non-EGU industrial sources are projected to contribute 1.2 Mm−1 and 1.4 Mm−1, respectively, to visibility impairment at OLYM. Fire impacts from U.S. wildfires are significant at 6.9 Mm−1. Given OLYM’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the high AmmSO4 (6.4 Mm−1) from natural sources is likely linked to biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions from ocean surface waters, and is potentially overestimated, as discussed in WRAP (2019).