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Current Perspective of Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials in Biology and Medicine
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Dendrimers are repetitively branched, globular, and macromolecular structures having size ranges from 2.5 to 10 nm. As shown in Figure 16.1 (B), these are characterized by three major structural components that include the central core, the branching units whose multivalent surfaces carry the drug, and the internal cavities composed of several natural or synthetic building blocks such as sugars, nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides, etc. Dendrimers are found with wider application because of their properties like monodispersed size, large surface area, the ability of surface functionalization, and long term stability. In biology and medicine, polyamidoamine and polypropylene imine are commonly utilized dendrimers. Dendrimer can either be loaded with drugs within the internal cavities or in their central core through hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding, or by a chemical bond. The branching units of the dendrimer can carry drugs through covalent conjugation or electrostatic adsorption. The dendrimer surfaces can also be readily modified by insertion of new chemical functional groups or molecular targeting groups which make them suitable to be used as detecting and imaging agents, and in therapeutic attachment sites (Mintzer et al., 2011). It is also possible to make dendrimer water soluble, by functionalizing their outer shell with charged species or other hydrophilic groups.
Recent Development in Industrial Scale Fabrication of Nanoparticles and Their Applications
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Sandeep Kumar, Bandna Bharti, Xiaoxiong Zha, Feng Ouyang, Peng Ren
The nanoparticles based on dendrimers are nano-sized polymers constructed from branched groups. There are multiple-chain ends in the dendrimer’s surface that can be customized to perform particular chemical functions. This can also be useful for catalytic research. Furthermore, they might be useful for medicine because the three-dimensional dendrimers contain cavities inside which other molecules may be positioned. Dendrimers are human-made compounds with special properties, making them useful for the health and pharmaceutical industries in both developing current and completely new products (Sowinska and Urbanczyk-Lipkowska 2014). Because of the successive layers of branching groups, dendrimers are constructed and used for different applications. Recent applications are drug delivery, gene transfection, catalysis, energy processing, imaging, determination of molecular weight and size, alteration of rheology and science and technology of nanoscale. Dendrimer nanostructures have enhanced different properties including chemical, physical and biological, such as solubility, durability, the ability to act as supply networks, etc. The huge potential of nanotechnology is for cancer, viral and bacterial diseases that can be prevented, identified, diagnosed and treated (Chakravarty et al. 2019). Many examples address different forms of dendrimers used as nanomaterials. One of the structures of the dendrimer is shown in Figure 2, which is used in the human body to improve the immune system.
Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery
Published in Vineet Kumar, Praveen Guleria, Nandita Dasgupta, Shivendu Ranjan, Functionalized Nanomaterials II, 2021
Hemant K. S. Yadav, Shahnaz Usman, Karyman Ahmed Fawzy Ghanem, Rayisa Beevi
Dendrimers are macromolecules with a three-dimensional structure which are highly branched and star-shaped with dimensions in the nanometer scale. A central core, an interior dendritic structure, and an exterior surface with functional groups are the three main components of a dendrimer structure. Properties of dendrimers like their small size, versatility, monodispersity, and stability make them appropriate candidates for drug delivery. Dendrimers are used widely in targeted and controlled drug delivery, gene delivery, and for certain industrial applications.[102]
Analysis of porphyrin, PETIM and zinc porphyrin dendrimers by atom-bond sum-connectivity index for drug delivery
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Rong-Rong Huang, Sahar Aftab, Sadia Noureen, Adnan Aslam
Dendrimers are repetitively branched molecules. A dendrimer is typically symmetric around the core and often adopts a spherical, three dimensional morphology. The first denrimer was synthesised by Vogle in 1978 by using a divergent synthesis approach [24]. A typical structure of the dendrimer molecule is depicted in Figure 1. Dendrimers, which have been shown to be useful in both diagnostics and therapy due to their capability to improve solubility, absorption, bioavailability, and targeted distribution, are one of the key study areas in the field of biomedicine. Particularly for cationic and higher-generation dendrimers, molecular cytotoxicity is a limiting property. Many different types of poly(amidoamine) and poly(propylene imine) dendrimer complexes with doxorubicin, paclitaxel, imatinib, sunitinib, cisplatin, melphalan, and methotrexate have shown an improvement in comparison to the drug. Dendrimers are macromolecular structures with multiple advantages that can suffer modifications depending on the chemical nature of the drug that has to be transported.
Hexabranched dendrimers encapsulated metallic copper nanoparticles and their catalytic evaluation for the conversion of para-nitrophenol to para-aminophenol
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Negin Mousavi, Parastoo Keshtiara, Marzieh Daryanavard
Dendrimers possess individual properties that make them as candidates for various applications such as gene and drug delivery,[6,7] dying,[8–11] sensors,[12] electronic devices,[13] environment,[14] industrial processes,[15] imaging,[16] photodynamic therapy,[17] neutron capture therapy,[18] nanotechnology,[19] and catalysis.[20–22] Dendrimers are particularly suitable hosts for the metal nanoparticles due to possessing unique characteristics, that is, (1) since dendrimers have a uniform composition and structure, they yield monodispersed and well-defined nanoparticles, (2) the nanoparticles do not agglomerate during encapsulation within the dendrimer,[23,24] to control the access of small substrates, dendrimer branches play a crucial role,[25] (4) insoluble metals can be encapsulated within dendrimer interior and transport into a solvent,[26] and (5) dendritic branches can isolate metal nanoparticles from the outside environment.[27]
Application of polyamidoamine dendrimer in reactive dyeing of cotton
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Saptarshi Maiti, Geetal Mahajan, Shyam Phadke, Ravindra V. Adivarekar
Dendrimers are perfect monodisperse macromolecules with a regular and highly branched three-dimensional architecture. The word ‘dendrimer’ originated from two words, the Greek word Dendron, meaning tree, and meros, meaning part or unit (Bosman, Janssen, & Meijer, 1999; Tambe, Pakhare, Jadhav, Tiwari, & Rai, 2012). Dendrimers are characterised by the high degree of molecular uniformity, narrow molecular weight distribution, specific size and shape characteristics and highly functional terminal surface groups. Owing to these properties dendrimers have wide application in medicinal and diagnostic field, drug delivery system, gene therapy and chemical sensing etc. (Patel & Patel, 2013). Considering its wide range of functionality it can also be applied on textile field (Maiti & Adivarekar, 2013; Maiti, Jadhav, & Adivarekar, 2016).