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Risk dimensions of fish farming operations and conflicting objectives
Published in Stein Haugen, Anne Barros, Coen van Gulijk, Trond Kongsvik, Jan Erik Vinnem, Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World, 2018
S.M. Holen, I.B. Utne, X. Yang
The medical chemicals used for bath treatment of sea lice may affect other animals, especially crustaceous animals as the sea lice belongs to this type of animals. The chemicals used for bath treatments are Azametifos, Deltametrin, Cypermetrin and Hydrogrenperoxid; the three first chemicals are mainly used in tarpaulin treatments, while the last is used in well vessels. When the bath treatment is made with tarpaulin, the chemicals are directly released into the sea at the fish farm; when well boats are used the chemicals can be transported away (Svåsand et al., 2017). The different chemicals have different levels of toxicity, where Deltametrin have been shown to be very toxic for some non-target organisms, such as plankton, and may also be bound up in seaweeds. Hydrogen peroxide have the least effect on organisms in the surroundings of the fish farm (Svåsand et al., 2017). In a five-year study of effects of sea lice medicine to the receiving environment in Scottish sea lochs, no long-term effects could be found (Scottish Association for Marine Science, 2005). Chemical release in the case of vessel capsizing may also be a risk.
Role of Nanopesticides in Agricultural Development
Published in Chetan Keswani, Intellectual Property Issues in Nanotechnology, 2020
The main threat facing insecticides in the environment is the effect of environmental factors such as light, the sun, and UV light on the treated insecticides; nanocapsule insecticides can overcome these factors. Caballero et al. (2019) prepared nanocapsules of deltamethrin (insecticide belonging to the pyrethroids group). The results showed that the efficacy of deltamethrin nanocapsules was increased compared with the conventional formulation. When the deltamethrin nanocapsule formulation was mixed with the normal formulation of indoxacarb (oxadiazine group) the efficacy of indoxacarb increased more than the indoxacarb mixed with the piperonyl butoxide. This means that the nanocapsule formulation has active insecticides. Pasquoto-Stigliani et al. (2017) prepared neem nanocapsules by using neem oil coated with poly(ε-caprolactone). The size of the nanocapsules was 400 nm. The results also showed the nanocapsules containing neem oil did not affect the soil microbiota for 300 days compared with the normal formulation. The efficacy of the nanocapsules was increased compared with the traditional formulation. The phytotoxicity of the nanocapsules against maize plants was also reduced.Wibowo et al. (2014) prepared silica nanocapsules and mixed them with fipronil (phenyl pyrezoles group). The loading of fipronil was carried out by direct dissolution in the oil core before biomimetic growth of a layer of silica shell surrounding the core, with encapsulation efficiency as high as 73%. The efficacy of the nanocapsule formulation was increased against termites. Nanocapsule oil also was used against the adult red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Khoobdel et al. (2017) prepared nanocapsule oil from Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and used it against T. castaneum. The diameter of the prepared nanocapsules was 145 ± 15 nm. The results showed that the nanocapsule oil was very effective against the T.castaneum adults and it can control the oil release. Sun et al. (2014) prepared methomyl-loaded (carbamates group) nanocapsules and assessed them against armyworm larvae. The percentage of larval mortality reached 100% after two days of treatment and stayed effective against infested larvae during seven days of treatment. This persistence may be due to the slow release of methomyl nanocapsules. Khanahmadi et al. (2017) used nanocapsules of Artemisia haussknechtii essential oil as a fumigant against S. oryzae and T. castaneum. The results showed that the mortality percentage reached 100% with a concentration of 166 ppm. The efficacy of nanocapsule formulation and phosphine (conventional fumigant) were compared. The LC50s of the nanocapsule formulation were 30.29 and 45.82 ppm, against S. oryzae and T. castaneum respectively, while the corresponding results with phosphine were 550.11 and 713.24 ppm.
Determination of cytotoxic, genotoxic, and oxidative damage from deltamethrin on primary hepatocyte culture of Lake Van fish, Alburnus tarichi
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Ayşe N. Kiraççakali, Ahmet R. Oğuz
Deltamethrin is a pesticide which is used extensively due to its low environmental accumulation and toxic effects compared to organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. As in the world, deltamethrin is a group of pesticides used in the Van Lake basin, both for agriculture and animal husbandry, and for controlling harmful insects in domestic areas, especially for combating mosquitoes.