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Additional Recent Applications and Prospects
Published in Allen J. Bard, Michael V. Mirkin, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 2022
Andreas Lesch, Allen J. Bard, Hubert H. Girault
For the ORR at the liquid-liquid interface, a metallocene, such as decamethylferrocene (DMFc), ferrocene, osmocene, ruthenocene and many of their derivatives, is used as molecular electron donor. After its oxidation, the electron donor can principally be regenerated by electrochemical reduction or photo-recycling [68]. In order to maintain the ORR according to Equation 18.8, protons must be continuously transferred from the aqueous phase into the organic phase, which is driven by the externally applied Galvani potential difference. O2(o)+2DMFc(o)+2H(w)++2A(w)−→H2O2(w)+2DMFc(o)++2A(o)−
Nano-dimensional gold synthesis for biomedical applications: upscaling and challenges
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Subhasis Chakraborty, Suvadeep Mal, Asim Halder, Suvadra Das, Kalyan Kumar Sen, Arup Mukherjee, Partha Roy
This technique is useful mostly to prepare nano-gold from hydrophilic substitutes by solvent evaporation method. Particle dimension has narrow size distribution with a definite geometry favoring clinical applications. But this method of synthesis requires a stabilizer which minimizes the risk of partitioning of drug at the time of solvent evaporation (Tozawa 2004). Gold nano particle can be designed by this micro emulsion technique (water-in-oil) because it has tremendous control over particle size, surface area and overall morphology. This technique is suited to formulate nano–scale gold of desired shape and size mostly within 5–50 nm (Stylianopoulos et al. 2013). Nano- gold scale particles can be prepared by micro emulsion technique through the reduction method. Researchers reported that rapid synthesis of nano scale gold can be achieved by this technique where gold chloride will be used as an aqueous phase where as in other reducing agent like decamethylferrocene would be used with previously added hexane at room temperature. Microfluidic chips is used to create the emulsion droplets and microreactors are used specially to overcome the full scale of reactions (Sykes et al. 2014). In this technique the droplets number and their diameter can be controlled as a result, in both phases the concentration of different reactants can be monitored. Nano-gold produced by this technique is depended upon the droplet size of emulsion and reactants concentration while their shape can be influenced by the application of surfactant.