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Boiler Water Treatment
Published in Harry Taplin, Boiler Plant and Distribution System Optimization Manual, 2021
Makeup water treatment varies on the needs of a particular installation. Various processes are used to improve makeup water quality including: Lime-Soda SofteningIon Exchange Process-GeneralSodium Ion ExchangeHydrogen Ion ExchangeDeionizationDealkalizationDistillationReverse OsmosisElectrodialysis
Glass Containers for Parenteral Products
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Robert Swift, Robert Schaut, Carol Rea Flynn, Roger Asselta
Historically, chemical dealkalization of borosilicate containers, for example, by the introduction of ammonium sulfate solution into the containers just before annealing has been used (especially in the United States) as a means to control or minimize the effects of alkali residues. While this process has been shown to be highly effective in reducing the extractable alkali and related changes in pH, studies by Ennis (59) showed that ammonium sulfate treatment did not reduce delamination. In fact, in those studies, higher quantities and concentrations of sulfate treatment solution increased the formation of glass flakes. Equipment manufacturers have also reported that acidic residues from excessive dealkalization have caused long-term damage to washers and depyrogenation tunnels. Accordingly, the use of treated borosilicate containers has declined somewhat in recent years.
Magnetic Micro-Ion-Exchange Resins
Published in Calvin Calmon, Harris Gold, Richard Prober, Ion Exchange for Pollution Control, 2018
Consideration has been given to simple settling tanks with rake mechanisms, inclined plate settlers, hydrocyclone systems and magnetic systems such as a drum separator or magnetized matrix filter. For flowrates of 4500 m3/day, either the settling tank or the magnetic drum seems most feasible, but for larger flows, the settling tank becomes more economical. Such a tank would also serve as buffer storage for the treated water.4 A flow sheet suitable for dealkalization but adaptable to all single-stage ion-exchange processes is shown in Figure 4. This incorporates a settler as part of the adsorption system and a second pipe reactor as the regenerator, followed by a vacuum drum filter to recover and wash the regenerated resin. The pipe reactor used as the adsorber for a 4500 m3/day plant would comprise a pipe 22.5 cm in diameter and 100 m long. The extremely simple nature of the equipment is ideally suited to economical operation on a very large scale.
Preparation and application of a new Fenton-like catalyst from red mud for degradation of sulfamethoxazole
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Jinshuai Ba, Guangtao Wei, Linye Zhang, Qingyong Li, Zhongmin Li, Jiayi Chen
At present, the most common and effective method of dealkalization of RM is acid leaching [31]. Acid leaching can effectively remove the alkali component in RM, and the alkali component mainly is comprised of free alkali and chemically bonded alkali. In our previous work, molasses water was selected as a partial acidifying agent to reduce the alkalinity of RM. Due to the use of molasses water, the consumption of H2SO4 could be effectively saved in the acidification process [32]. However, to further improve the catalytic performance of the RM-based catalyst, it is essential to change the pore structure of the RM-based catalyst. Generally, to change the pore structure of the RM-based catalyst, some pore-enlarging agents are needed to be added during the preparation of the catalyst. Bagasse pith is produced as a by-product of the sugarcane milling process during the extract of juice from sugarcane in industry [33]. However, bagasse pith is still rarely reported as a pore-enlarging agent in the Fenton-like process. Thereby, considering the waste reutilization, it has a far-reaching significance to prepare a RM-based catalyst composite using bagasse pith as a pore-enlarging agent.