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Catalytic Application of Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters as Heterogeneous Catalysts in Industrially Important Chemical Reactions
Published in Yan Zhu, Rongchao Jin, Atomically Precise Nanoclusters, 2021
Selective oxidation of cyclohexane can produce cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone that are important intermediates in industry to make nylon-related materials. Zhu and coworkers reported structure-specific catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane by two isomeric Au28(SR)20 nanoclusters with the same core structure but different surface atom structures [11]. The Au28(TBBT)20 (TBBT = 4-tertbutylthiophenol) nanoclusters showed higher activity for the oxidation of cyclohexane than the Au28(SC6H11)20 nanoclusters, which was ascribed to more electron-deficient oxygen species on the surface of Au28(TBBT)20 as well as stronger interaction of reagent molecules and Au28(SC6H11)20. Tsukuda and co-workers studied the size effect of Aun nanoclusters supported on hydroxyapatite for oxidation of cyclohexane and observed volcano-like behavior that peaked at Au39 [12]. The phenomenon is very interesting and cannot be explained merely by surface area and low-coordination environment, and thus further work is in progress.
Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Benzene (C6H6) is the most important aromatic hydrocarbon. It is the precursor for many chemicals that may be used as end products or intermediates. Almost all compounds derived directly from benzene are converted to other chemicals and polymers. For example, hydrogenation of benzene produces cyclohexane. Oxidation of cyclohexane produces cyclohexanone, which is used to make caprolactam for nylon manufacture. Due to the resonance stabilization of the benzene ring, it is not easily polymerized. However, products derived from benzene such as styrene, phenol, and maleic anhydride can polymerize to important commercial products due to the presence of reactive functional groups. Benzene could be alkylated by different alkylating agents, hydrogenated to cyclohexane, nitrated, or chlorinated.
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
solutions, leather finishing, and textile coatings. Faster condensation reaction rates are claimed in the polymerization of poly-(ethyleneterephthalate) when MIBK is added as a catalyst solvent. Cyclohexanone is used in paint removers, metal degreasing formulations, printing inks, and as an activator in oxidation reactions (e.g., benzene oxidation to give phenol). Cyclohexanone is a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of Nylon 6.
Photo-catalytic selective organic transformations by Fe-doped octahedral molecular sieves (manganese oxide) nano-structure
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2018
S. Said, Heba H. El Maghrabi, M. Riad, S. Mikhail
The selective oxidation of hydrocarbons involving the activation of C-C, C-H bonds and/or the concomitant formation of C-OH or C = O bonds to produce more suitable products (for fine chemical synthesis) is a must [1]. Cyclohexane oxidation products (cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone) are important reagents for the production of caprolactam, adipic acid and monomers to prepare nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 polymers. Currently, the industrial processes for cyclohexane oxidation on using cobalt salts or metal–boric acid with molecular oxygen as an oxidant have some inherent drawbacks (lower conversion and selectivity, expensive investment) and cause serious pollutions [2].