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Strategies
Published in Rick Houghton, William Bennett, Emergency Characterization of Unknown Materials, 2020
Rick Houghton, William Bennett
Hydrogen cyanide is lighter than air and soluble in water; more so at high pH. Hydrogen cyanide can be detected in air by several colorimetric air monitor tubes and the M256A1 kit. Hydrogen cyanide in water can be detected by colorimetric test strips after conversion to cyanogen chloride.
Chemical Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Cyanogen chloride becomes very volatile as temperatures increase and is listed by the DOT as a 2.3 poison gas. The NFPA 704 designation for CK is estimated to be Health-4, Flammability-0, Reactivity-2, and Special-0. Cyanogen chloride vapors are highly toxic. Its four-digit UN identification number is 1589 (inhibited). The CAS number is 506-77-4. Treatment for either AC or CK poisoning is to follow the treatment protocols for airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs) and administration of oxygen to assist breathing. Sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate antidotes should be administered IV ONLY. Instructions for administration and dosage should be based on local protocols and with the advice of a physician. Sodium nitrate is administered to produce methemoglobin, thus seizing the cyanide on the methemoglobin. The sodium thiosulfate combines with the confiscated cyanide to form thiocyanate, which is then excreted from the body.
Can bowl-like B30 nanostructure sense toxic cyanogen gas in air?: a theoretical study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2018
Rezvan Rahimi, Mohammad Solimannejad
Cyanogen (NCCN) was the first time synthesised by GayLussac in 1815 via the thermal decomposition of silver cyanide (AgCN). It is colourless, toxic, flammable, pungent almonds-like odour and also, an irritant to the eyes and respiratory system which used in the chemical industry for several applications as missiles fuel, insecticides, chemical weapon and high-energy fuel (heat of formation = 73.8 kcal/mol) [4]. Furthermore, inhalation high concentrations of cyanogen gas can lead to symptoms of toxicity that include headache, dizziness, lacrimation; hyperpnoea; bradycardia; vomiting; loss of consciousness; convulsion and decease [5]. It is noteworthy that, maximum permissible vapour concentration is 10 ppm [6]. Cyanogen is used as high-energy fuel includes its application in missiles fuel. The design of cyanogen sensors is very important for monitor and control of cyanogen gas in the environment.
3,4-Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole: a commercially available electrophilic sulfur transfer agent and safe resource of ethanedinitrile
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2022
Hayedeh Gorjian, Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
The preparation and physicochemical properties of ethanedinitrile were reviewed in 1959 [47]. Many methods have been reported for the synthesis of cyanogen, such as pyrolysis of metal cyanide or catalytic oxidation of HCN in the presence of various oxidative systems. Different reactants, including HCN, M(CN)n (M = metals), X–CN (X = halogen), oxamide, and ammonium oxalate, were used as precursors [48,49].