China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Microbial Mediated Biodegradation of Plastic Waste
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
Rajendra Prasad Meena, Sourav Ghosh, Surendra Singh Jatav, Manoj Kumar Chitara, Dinesh Jinger, Kamini Gautam, Hanuman Ram, Hanuman Singh Jatav, Kiran Rana, Surajyoti Pradhan, Manoj Parihar
Cutinases are involved in (catalyze) hydrolysis of cutin which are aliphatic polyesters and are found in plant cuticle structure. Under the super family of a/0 hydrolases, this category of polyester hydrolases acts upon several polyester plastics (Wei and Zimmermann 2017 a, b). Depending on their homology, origin, and structure, plastic-degrading cutinases can be divided into fungal and bacterial. Cutinases from fungal origin such as Therm omycesinsolens, Fusarium and Humicola are useful and show excellent activity in the hydrolysis and surface alterations of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films and fibers (Zimmermann and Billig 2010), due to their remarkable activity and thermal stability at 70°C near the glass transition temperature of PET (Ronkvist et al. 2009). Bacterial cutinases capable of hydrolyzing PET have been segregated from various Thermobifida species (Then et al. 2015), Thermomonosporacurvata (Wei et al. 2014), Saccharomonosporaviridis (Kawai et al. 2014), Ideonellasakaiensis (Yoshida et al. 2016), as well as the metagenome isolated from plant compost (Sulaiman et al. 2012). The bacterium, Ideonellasakaiensis 201-F6, exhibits rare capability to thrive on PET as a major carbon and energy source and secretes PETase (PET-digesting enzyme) leading to its biodegradation (Yoshida et al. 2016).
Natural Materials – Composition and Combinations
Published in Graham A. Ormondroyd, Angela F. Morris, Designing with Natural Materials, 2018
One frequently overlooked biopolymer which occurs within plants is cutin. Cutin is a structural component of the plant cuticle, attached to the outer part of the epidermal cell wall in the aerial parts of plants. It is prominent and thick in the stems, leaves and fruit of many plants, e.g. ivy leaves and apples, forming a protective surface. On leaves it may range in thickness from 0.5 to 14 µm, with an area coverage of 20–600 μg/cm2, whereas in fruits with a well-developed cuticle it may reach 1.5 mg/cm2 (Martin and Juniper 1970, Holloway and Baker 1970). Grape cuticles may be 1–4 μm thick, tomato 4–10 μm and apple 30 μm (Velásquez et al. 2011). The below-ground parts of most plants utilise a similar but chemically distinct biopolymer, suberin. This is also a biopolyester, and derives its name from the cork oak (Quercus suber) in which it is found in the bark, and provides the water-repellent properties associated with the use of cork as a stopper for bottles. In fact, suberin is also found in the wound periderm of most plants, and many other locations (Kolatukkudy 1980).
Plasma Chemistry as a Tool for Eco-Friendly Processing of Cotton Textile
Published in Tanmoy Chakraborty, Lalita Ledwani, Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences, 2017
Hemen Dave, Lalita Ledwani, S. K. Nema
The cuticle contains primary alcohols, higher fatty acids, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, glycerides, sterols, acyl components, resins, cutin, and suberin, which are together called waxes. The waxy contents can be divided into two categories: a saponifiable part (nearly 40% of total wax content) and a nonsaponifiable part (which is around 60% of the total wax). Alcohols such as gossypol (C30H5OH), montanyl (C28H57OH), and ceryl (C28H53OH) are high-molecular weight monohydric alcohols and belong to the category of nonsaponifiable waxes. These n-primary alcohols (C26–C36) combined with the fatty acids (C16–C36) are the main components of wax from the mature white cotton fiber. Suberin and cutin are insoluble, lipophilic biopolymers also called as biopolyesters. Suberins and cutins are closely related to each other, the only difference is their chain length and substitution patterns. Suberin from cotton fibers predominately comprises C16 and C18 compounds. Cutin is the high-molecular weight polyester that comprises various interesterified C16 and C18 hydroxy and hydroxy–epoxy fatty acids.115–117
Biosorption of cadmium and nickel ions using marine macrophyte, Cymodocea nodosa
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Madelyn N. Moawad, Abeer A.M. El-Sayed, Naglaa A. El-Naggar
Cutin is polyester of C16 and C18 hydroxy and hydroxy-epoxy fatty acid monomers as well as phenolics compounds. A mixture of long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, alkanes, esters, or triterpenoids extends through the cuticular waxes [51].
Prediction and characterization of macromolecular structure of cutinite from luquan cutinitic liptobiolith with molecular simulation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Du Meili, Liu Lei, Fan Jinwen, Li Gang, H.H Schobert, Cai Yuchu, Yang Jianli
Cutin is considered to be composed of highly polymerized, cross-linked a three-dimensional framework with ester bonds, containing various hydroxy and dihydroxy fatty acids. Therefore, fatty acids (myristic acid) likely derived from the hydrolysis of fatty acid esters, and fatty hydrocarbons (such as hexadecane or tetradecane) were derived from the decarboxylation of fatty acids induced radicals to terminate with hydrogen abstraction, or propagate into other radical reactions during coalification, the proportion of carbon chains with an even number of carbon atoms gradually radicals increases (Schobert 2013). In cutin, the various hydroxyl or dihydroxy fatty acids could react with components such as coumaric acid to produce compounds similar to 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-allyl-2-oleic acid, or could react to release phenolic compounds (e.g., 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol) or alkylbenzenes (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methyl- benzene) and their derivatives (such as 3,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde) during coalification (Chapman 1985; Goodwin and Mercer 1983). Phthalates (dibutyl phthalate or butyl octyl phthalate) could derive from the reaction of alcohols with phthalic acid produced by oxidation of salicylic acid (Liu et al. 2009). In cutin, 2-(1-cyclohexene-1-yl)-cyclohexanone could be produced by the intermolecular condensation of cyclohexanone, derived from the decarboxylation and dehydration of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. 1-Methyl-2,5- pyrrolidinedione may have stemmed from amide dehydration produced by amines reacting with succinic acid (Almendros and Sanz 1992; Hänninen and Niemelä 1992; Schnitzer and Skinner 1974). 2-Ethoxynaphthalene could have been produced by the acylation of 6-hydroxyte- traacetone, which in turn stemmed from cyclization of hydroxybenzoic acid (Figure 8, Figure 9). These proposed reactions that lead to the formation of some of the main compounds in extracts, support the indication that the cutinite macromolecular skeleton may contain structural fragments of C12-C18 fatty acids and esters, dibasic acids, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid, and hydroxy or dihydroxy fatty acid. The mechanism of extraction of the small molecules is shown in Figure 10.