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Carbon Nanotubes
Published in Sourav Bhattacharjee, Principles of Nanomedicine, 2019
Paclitaxel, a popular anticancer drug marketed as Taxol®, suffers from poor solubility and requires cremophor EL (polyethoxylated castor oil) for solubilization. Unfortunately, cremophor EL is highly toxic and a more biocompatible replacement is highly sought. Additionally, paclitaxel has a short half-life (t1/2) in blood. Recently, PEGylated stealth paclitaxel was introduced with a longer t1/2 [25]. Moreover, when such PEGylated paclitaxel was conjugated with SWCNTs with an ester bond, the nanoconstructs showed significantly higher cellular uptake in 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and suppression of tumor growth in vivo compared to free Taxol® or PEGylated paclitaxel [26]. Such in vitro findings were repeated in HeLa and MCF-7 cells [27]. Interestingly, PEGylated MWCNTs accumulated in multidrug-resistant cancer cells with active P-glycoprotein efflux pumps in the cell membrane, giving hopes for possible future uses of the CNTs in resistant cancer cases [28].
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Ho Lun Wong, Yongqiang Li, Reina Bendayan, Mike Andrew Rauth, Xiao Yu Wu
Paclitaxel (Taxol) is an anti-microtubule agent with broad spectrum anti-tumor activities. It is gaining popularity among oncologists for its effectiveness against several types of malignancies, even when used alone.95 Paclitaxel is a poorly water-soluble drug. At present, it is commercially available as a non-aqueous micellar solution containing a polyoxyethylated castor oil Cremophor EL and 49.7% dehydrated ethanol. Cremophor EL is known to cause serious hypersensitivity reactions and nephrotoxicity in human subjects.96 In order to solubilize paclitaxel without the need for Cremophor EL, a few SLN formulations have been developed and studied.62,82–86 In general, the drug loading in these SLN formulations ranged from 2 to 5%. In these SLN formulations, surfactants or stabilizers such as Pluronic® F68 (i.e., poloxamer 188), Brij-78, and phosphatidylcholine were used. In comparison to Cremophor EL, all of these excipients are commonly included in parenteral formulations with better track records of safety.
Drug-induced bronchospasm
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
K Suresh Babu, Jaymin Morjaria
Cremophor EL is a non-ionic surfactant derived from castor oil that has been shown to lead to histamine release and hypotension in dogs.56 Cremophor EL is an excipient in some drugs like paclitaxel and intravenous ciclosporin. In a case report, it has been demonstrated that the excipient Cremophor EL produced severe bronchospasm, while subsequent oral administration that did not contain Cremophor EL precipitated no reaction.57 Other drugs with this excipient and other such excipients may produce similar anaphylactic reactions. Intradermal testing with Cremophor EL and basophil tests support the presence of IgE antibodies to Cremophor EL.
Fabrication of thermodynamically stable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of resveratrol with enhanced solubility and chemical stability
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Sivaram Nallamolu, Vijaya Ratna Jayanti, Mallikarjun Chitneni, Liew Yun Khoon, Shikha Sood, Yassine Riadi, Prashant Kesharwani
Amongst various surfactants screened, such as Cremophore EL, Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 80, Span 20 and Labrasol, highest solubility was seen in Cremophor EL. The solubility in Cremophor EL was remarkably higher than the solubility in Tween 40 and Span 20 (p < 0.003). These studies were in line with previously reported data.[33]