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Environmental Electromagnetic Energy and Public Health
Published in Andrew A. Marino, Modern Bioelectricity, 2020
Another approach involves a functional measurement that samples reserve capacity (144). Mice were exposed to a regimen of chronic stressors administered over 2 weeks. The stressors included tail pinch (1 min duration), cold swim (3 min at 4°C), electric shock (30 min), shaker (30 min), water deprivation (24 hr), and isolation (48 hr). The individual stressors were randomly administered over a 2 week period, following which the chronically stressed animals were assigned to one of 3 experimental groups: one group was sacrificed and used for determination of plasma corticosterone levels, a second group was subjected to behavioral testing (gross locomotor activity), and a third group was exposed to an acute noise/light stressor prior to behavioral testing. Following testing, the mice were sacrificed and the corticosterone levels were determined. The corticosterone levels in the chronically stessed mice were normal, but their basal behavioral activity and their behavioral activation response to the acute stressor were each significantly reduced. The corticosterone response in the mice subjected to behavioral testing was significantly greater than that of the comparable control group.
Adverse health effects and stresses on offspring due to paternal exposure to harmful substances
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Jiaqi Sun, Miaomiao Teng, Fengchang Wu, Xiaoli Zhao, Yunxia Li, Lihui Zhao, Wentian Zhao, Keng Po Lai, Kenneth Mei Yee Leung, John P. Giesy
In rodent models, paternal exposure to EtOH during prenatal development can alter the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in offspring (Govorko et al., 2012). Chronic, intermittent exposure of male mice to alcohol in steam for five weeks before mating caused a minimal stress response, and plasma corticosteroid levels of male offspring were reduced (Rompala et al., 2016). When adult male mice were fed alcohol for three weeks before mating, the changes in the pattern of EtOH exposure had a significant impact on the development of the neocortex, including abnormal gene expression and subtle changes in the neocortex at postnatal day (P) 0 of the F1 generation. In addition, the activity and sensory movement of mice showed a sex-specific increase at P20. Balance, coordination and short-term motor learning were decreased on P30 (Conner et al., 2020). In fact, alcohol acts directly on the HPA axis, resulting in a sharp increase in concentrations of corticosterone and cortisol in rodent models, which suggests that there might be a common mechanism for alcohol and stress exposure in fathers (Rivier, 2014). Glucocorticoid receptors are expressed in the whole male reproductive tract, which may be a common somatic mechanism affecting epigenetic factors in the reproductive system (Silva et al., 2010). The toxicity mechanism of alcohol is shown in Table S1. In summary, these findings jointly show that paternal exposure to alcohol can have detrimental effects on male offspring and might result in chronic stress to offspring.
A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Ryan Takeshita, Steven J. Bursian, Kathleen M. Colegrove, Tracy K. Collier, Kristina Deak, Karen M. Dean, Sylvain De Guise, Lisa M. DiPinto, Cornelis J. Elferink, Andrew J. Esbaugh, Robert J. Griffitt, Martin Grosell, Kendal E. Harr, John P. Incardona, Richard K. Kwok, Joshua Lipton, Carys L. Mitchelmore, Jeffrey M. Morris, Edward S. Peters, Aaron P. Roberts, Teresa K. Rowles, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Lori H. Schwacke, Cynthia R. Smith, Dana L. Wetzel, Michael H. Ziccardi, Ailsa J. Hall
A case study of northern gannets (Morus bassanus) breeding in Eastern Canada investigated the impact of PAHs on circulating prolactin and corticosterone, two hormones that are involved in metabolism and mediation of the stress response and influence reproduction. Franci et al. (2014) reported that 23.5% of the birds had overwintered in the GoM in 2010-2011 during the time of the DWH oil spill, but found no apparent evidence for effects of oil on hormones or body mass. However, studies on house sparrows (Passer domesticus) demonstrated an impaired stress response after ingestion of DWH oil (Lattin et al. 2014). The sparrows’ ability to elevate corticosterone in response to both a standardized stressor and an injection of ACTH was impaired following 4 weeks of exposure to a 1% crude oil diet. In addition, a second house sparrow study demonstrated tissue-specific changes in the density of glucocorticoid receptors following 6 weeks of ingestion exposure to 1% weathered crude oil, including lower receptor numbers in liver, high numbers in fat, and no marked changes in kidneys, muscle, spleen, or testes (Lattin and Romero 2014)
The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Jeffrey S. Willey, Richard A. Britten, Elizabeth Blaber, Candice G.T. Tahimic, Jeffrey Chancellor, Marie Mortreux, Larry D. Sanford, Angela J. Kubik, Michael D. Delp, Xiao Wen Mao
Limitations exist regarding the use of HLU. Hind limb unloading via tail suspension is a good instrument to study bone demineralization associated with microgravity in rats and mice. In rats, HLU leads to many of the cardiovascular changes that occur in humans during spaceflight, including the cephalic fluid shift.266,267 HLU invokes many of the changes in blood vessel structure and region-specific changes in blood flow that are seen in rats during space flight189,268 and also results in changes in the ultrastructure of the choroid plexus and CSF production that closely resemble those seen in rats that have been in space flight.269,270 Factors such as altered neuroendocrine functions, behavioral deficits, and increased stress levels271,272 should be considered when designing studies and interpreting results. Stress is clearly a feature that astronauts will face during spaceflight, though astronauts typically have a high tolerance for stress. Porphyria, which is a sign of distress in laboratory rodents273 is a common, though transient, trait of rodents during HLU procedure.28 HLU models can increase stress response as indicated by elevated serum corticosterone that is associated with atrophy of lymphoid organs,36,274–276 although these responses are not always consistent. A primary technical report detailing aspects regarding HLU28 recommends housing single rodents at between 24.5 C-25.5 °C to mitigate any toxicity profiles (e.g., bone loss, impaired ability to thermoregulate31,277) Moreover, attrition of rats from HLU studies (e.g., sudden loss of rodents during the study, excessive porphyria, or persistent weight loss) occurs more frequently if housing is below this temperature range.