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Colorants, Pigments, and Dyes
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
PbCO3 and blue frit (Egyptian Blue). White lead is made by combining lead with vinegar (acetic acid, CH3COOH) in the presence of CO2. Some others are Cobalt Blue (1802), Synthetic Ultramarine Blue (1828), Viridian Green (1838), Cadmium Yellow (1846), and Zinc White (1751) (Gottsegen, 1993). Blue frit is calcium copper silicate and was made from glass colored with a copper ore, such as malachite. These pigments were used as early as the second millennium BCE. The Industrial and Scientific Revolutions brought a huge expansion in the range of synthetic pigments, pigments that are manufactured or refined from naturally occurring materials, available both for manufacturing and artistic expression. Prussian blue was the first modern synthetic pigment, discovered by accident in 1704. By the early 19th century, synthetic, and metallic blue pigments had been added to the range of blues, including French ultramarine, a synthetic form of lapis lazuli, and the various forms of Cobalt and Cerulean Blue. In the early 20th century, organic chemistry added Phthalo Blue (copper phthalocyanine), a synthetic, organometallic pigment with overwhelming tinting power.
Adhesives, Sealants, Surface Finishes, and More
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Polycyclic pigments include a wide variety of chemical structures, but in general consist of mostly aromatic six- and/or five membered condensed carbon ring systems, and in part aromatic heterocyclic systems containing nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur. By far the most important group of the polycyclic pigments is represented by the copper phthalocyanine structures upon which all blue and green shades of organic pigments are based. Another similar structure is cobalt phthalocyanine which is a brilliant cobalt blue pigment—cobalt is a regulated toxin.
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Published in Yannick Guari, Joulia Larionova, Prussian Blue-Type Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites, 2019
Later Prussian blue was also used for bluing textiles, a major application field until the mid 20th century. In 1927, copper phthalocyanine was developed as an alternative blue pigment [29] in some aspects superior to Prussian blue. Nonetheless, Prussian blue is still used as a low cost blue pigment today, sold under the commercial name iron blue.
Cu-phthalocyanine-mediated nanowindow production on single-wall carbon nanohorn
Published in Molecular Physics, 2021
Dragana Stevic, Ayumi Furuse, Fernando Vallejos-Burgos, Radovan Kukobat, Katsumi Kaneko
Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is a large aromatic molecule having four isoindole units linked by nitrogen atoms whose size is 7.0 nm2 [23,24]. A Cu atom occupies the central position of the planar frame of CuPc. CuPc molecules are lie flat on the basal planes of graphite [23,25–27] and thereby these molecules should be also adsorbed flat on the graphene walls of SWCNH, similarly to the basal planes of graphite. It is known that a Cu atom works as a gasification catalyst of carbon [28]; the Cu atoms in CuPc molecules adsorbed on SWCNH should catalyse oxidation of graphene walls for production of nanowindows in a subnanoscale at the adsorption sites of the CuPc molecules. CuPc molecules can be adsorbed in the monolayer on SWCNH in liquid phase and thereby the regulated adsorption of CuPc molecules controls the density and size of nanowindows through the subnanoscale Cu catalysts in the CuPc molecules.