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Carbon Nanomaterial–Based Membranes for Seawater Desalination
Published in Kun Zhou, Carbon Nanomaterials, 2020
Salt rejection and water-flux rate are two main characters that determine the desalination performance of the GO-based membrane. A high rejection rate usually requires small pore sizes, which, however, would usually lead to reduced water permeation. Hence, a compromise balance is required to achieve optimized desalination performance. Several recent experimental studies have reported that by modifying the morphology of the inner nanochannels of the GO-based membrane, highly enhanced water permeation could be obtained without sacrificing the molecular filtration performance [27,29,31]. Typically, by employing the copper hydroxide nanostrands as sacrificial templates, Huang et al. [27] have constructed a network of nanostrand-channels with a narrow size distribution within the GO membrane (Figure 11.4). The as-prepared membrane is observed to exhibit a 10 times enhancement in water permeation without degrading the rejection performance.
Monolithic Elastomeric Materials
Published in Agis F. Kydonieus, Controlled Release Technologies: Methods, Theory, and Applications, 2019
Copper sulfate release from elastomers was found to be short lived in alkaline water conditions due to the rapid formation of an impermeable copper carbonate/copper hydroxide film on the pellet surface. This problem was overcome by adding ammonium sulfate as a coleachant, thus altering the pH at the pellet/water interface and preventing film formation.81Table 17 depicts several controlled release copper sulfate materials that will release for 6 months or longer. Such compounds are mixed on the mill or in internal mixers without difficulty. Processing operations are those normal to the rubber industry. Since adequate dispersion of the agent requires that a fine-dust form be used, workers need filter masks to prevent inhalation of the dust. Although copper is a vital trace nutrient to humans, prolonged breathing of copper sulfate dust can lead to a reversible intoxication mainly involving the liver.
Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Chemical controls. Some fungicides help to prevent development of algae and their spread when a mat has already formed. They need periodic applications (e.g., every 7 to 14 days) and should be used prior to algae formation and continually as long as conditions remain favorable for occurrence. Control diseases, such as brown patch, to prevent thinning of the turf canopy. Some curative control is provided by hydrated lime or mancozeb + copper hydroxide. Being a desiccant, hydrated lime typically works quickly while the mancozeb + copper hydroxide takes several days. Once the algae are controlled, switch to a preventative program. In areas with high disease pressure and low turf recuperative potential, such as the transition zone, preventative disease control approaches are necessary in the summertime. Chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and various phosphite-containing fungicides are often used to manage algae.
Caffeine-mediated synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: characterization, morphology changes, and bactericidal activity
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
A. P. Angeline Mary, A. Thaminum Ansari, R. Subramanian
Figure 6(a–d) show the variation of the size of obtaining nanoparticles with various concentrations of caffeine. As seen in the images, with caffeine increasing, the size of nanoparticles found to be similar which varies from the SEM morphology. Reduction of nanoscale size is due to the interaction between caffeine and Cu2+ ions. A subsequent increase in size of the particles might be attributed to the fairly increasing growth rate of particles during the nucleation. The arrangement of particles seen in the SEM images further confirmed by the SAED pattern. Bright particles are observed in the SAED pattern of CuO NPs without caffeine reveal bigger size particles. The SAED pattern of CuO produced with 50 mg caffeine found to be a uniform pattern in the (Figure 6) The TEM study is performed to understand the morphology, shape, size and the crystalline characteristics of the nanoparticles. The particles are observed to be spherical in shape and the size is found to be in the range of 10–50 nm. It is well known that sugarcane juice contains glucose and fructose as major components CuO NPs synthesized using caffeine. It has been proved that the caffeine can act as a surface modifier, stabilizing and capping agents, which control the morphology.[40,41] The formation mechanism of CuO NPs is given by Equations (2) and (3). Copper nitrate reacts with reducing agent (sodium hydroxide solution) to produce copper hydroxide. During the reaction, caffeine has interacted with react with the copper hydroxide and produce changes in surface morphology.
Adsorption of Safranin-O dye by copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Punica granatum leaf extract
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Taynara Basso Vidovix, Heloise Beatriz Quesada, Rosângela Bergamasco, Marcelo Fernandes Vieira, Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo Vieira
Concerning the synthesis mechanism, CuSO4.5H2O possibly reacted with the hydroxyl anion (OH-) generated in an aqueous solution, forming copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2). Subsequently, the phytochemicals of pomegranate leaf extract (oligosaccharides, amino acids, proteins, phenols, and flavonoids) acted as oxidizing agents and reducing copper hydroxide to CuO-NP [33]. Thus, based on previous work [30], it can be said that the proposed green synthesis method is extremely simple and easy to reproduce.