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Developing realistic deterioration models
Published in Jaap Bakker, Dan M. Frangopol, Klaas van Breugel, Life-Cycle of Engineering Systems, 2017
Copper and copper alloys are used widely in marine commercial and defence applications for their generally excellent corrosion resistance. Copper cladding was used extensively on wooden ship hulls because of the biocide effect of copper on marine organisms (borers). However, this does not extend to microorganisms and biofilms. These have been observed to invade copper and copper alloy surfaces and have been implicated in MIC (Little & Lee 2007), although the severity tends to be much less than for steels. This shows that care is required in extrapolating from macro-fouling to micro-fouling. Irrespective of the contribution of MIC to the corrosion of copper alloys, that corrosion also shows bi-modal behaviour. Figure 11 shows an example. However, again there is a caveat – pure copper does not exhibit bimodal behaviour and very low alloyed coppers only to a limited extent. The reason for this is as follows, and again it demonstrates the care that is required in generalizations without sufficient understanding of the fundamentals involved in the corrosion process.
Facility Grounding
Published in Jerry C. Whitaker, Electronic Systems Maintenance Handbook, 2017
The type and size of ground rod used is determined by how many sections are to be connected and how hard or rocky the soil is. Copper-clad ⅝-in. × 10-ft rods are probably the most popular. Copper cladding is designed to prevent rust. The copper is not primarily to provide better conductivity. Although the copper certainly provides a better conductor interface to earth, the steel that it covers is also an excellent conductor when compared with ground conductivity. The thickness of the cladding is important only insofar as rust protection is concerned.
Use of Ultrasonics in the Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Metals
Published in Dale Ensminger, Leonard J. Bond, Ultrasonics, 2011
Dale Ensminger, Leonard J. Bond
Chretien and Huard [100] discuss a Lamb-wave technique of inspecting tubes intended for use as fuel-element cladding. The method is based on differences in the damping of the Lamb waves at the air–metal and metal–water interfaces, which allow separate recordings to distinguish between internal and external defects. The instrument employs a variable gain along the time base. It has been used to inspect zirconium–copper cladding with thicknesses in the range of 0.7–1.2 mm. It has also been used for stainless steel tubes 6.3- and 0.35-mm thick.
Novel LHC collimator materials: High-energy Hadron beam impact tests and nondestructive postirradiation examination
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2020
Giorgia Gobbi, Alessandro Bertarelli, Federico Carra, Jorge Guardia-Valenzuela, Stefano Redaelli
Copper–Diamond (Figure 3) is a composite material developed by the Austrian company RHP Technology by solid-state sintering with SPS technique [11]. Due to the low chemical affinity between copper and diamond, a third element, boron in this case, is added as binder. During the sintering process, this element promotes the formation of carbides at the copper–diamond interface, improving the material internal bonding. The quantity of diamond must stay below a threshold value to ensure a good compaction of the material. With this purpose, diamond particles with different sizes were used in the powder mixture. In particular, 90% of the total amount has dimensions of about 100 µm and the remaining 10% of around 40 µm. Finished components made of this material are usually produced using a sandwich setup, meaning a metallic copper layer up to 100 µm on the external surfaces, and the copper–diamond composites in the bulk. This softer copper cladding enables dimensional tolerances and surface finishes to be achieved more easily. The initial composition of the material, together with the production process parameters, is reported in Table 3.
Progress in developing realistic corrosion models
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2018
Copper and copper alloys are used widely in marine commercial and defence applications for their generally excellent corrosion resistance. Copper cladding was used extensively on wooden ship hulls because of the biocide effect of copper on marine organisms (borers). However, this does not extend to microorganisms and biofilms. These have been observed to invade copper and copper alloy surfaces and have been implicated in MIC (Little & Lee, 2007), although the severity tends to be much less than for steels. Importantly, most copper alloys contain ferrous iron as an alloying element. This shows that care is required in extrapolating from macro-fouling to micro-fouling.