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Determination of Pesticide Residues in Food of Animal Origin
Published in José L. Tadeo, Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples, 2019
Giulia Poma, Marina López-García, Roberto Romero González, Antonia Garrido, Adrian Covaci
When first introduced, neonicotinoids were thought to have low toxicity to many insects, but recent research has suggested a potential toxicity to honeybees and other beneficial insects even with low levels of contact. Honeybee exposure to neonicotinoids can lead to contamination of apiarian products, especially honey, which is the most commonly consumed bee product. Because of the potential threat to human health, the European Union established MRLs for acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam in the range of 50–200 µg/kg [85]. In addition, in response to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) study on the safety of three neonicotinoids (namely clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) [111], the European Commission recommended a restriction of their use across the European Union in crops attractive to pollinators, emphasizing the awareness of the potential harmful impact of the neonicotinoids on honeybees and their products (EU Regulation 485/2013) [112,113]. Therefore, monitoring and determination of trace levels of neonicotinoids in honey are necessary and demand highly efficient, selective, and sensitive analytical techniques. Several sample preparation techniques, including LLE, SPE, QuEChERS, and combinations of them, DLLME, and diatomaceous earth material (Chem Elut cartridges) were reported for the sample preparation in honey (and in other food of animal origin) [69,85,114]. Neonicotinoids are usually determined by LC–DAD, ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass spectrometric (MS or MS/MS), and electrochemical detectors [69]. GC analysis is more complex due to neonicotinoids’ low volatility and relatively high polarity [69].
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The leaked document, which was written by the EPA's Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, explains clearly that “clothianidin's major risk concern is nontarget insects (honeybees)” and that acute toxicity studies to honeybees show that clothianidin is highly toxic on both a contact and an oral basis.”
Effects of the neonicotinoid insecticides thiamethoxam and imidacloprid on metamorphosis of the toad Rhinella arenarum at environmentally-relevant concentrations
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Julie Céline Brodeur, Shirley Vivian Daniela Fonseca Peña
Environmental contamination is considered a driver of current amphibian population declines along with other factors (Brodeur and Vera Candioti 2017; Campbell Grant et al. 2016; Roelants et al. 2007; Stuart et al. 2004). As for most vertebrate groups, amphibians subjected to neonics involved exposure to chronic sublethal conditions rather than acute toxicity (Fonseca Peña, Natale, and Brodeur 2022). Regarding anuran metamorphosis, most previous investigators focused on the time to metamorphosis, but contradictory findings including retardation, acceleration or lack of effect were noted (Boone 2018; Danis and Marlatt 2021; Jenkins et al. 2021; Moe 2017; Robinson et al. 2017, 2019, 2021; Thompson, Sweeney, and Popescu 2022). At environmentally relevant concentrations, alterations of the timings of metamorphosis were generally more frequent with imidacloprid (IMI) than with thiamethoxam (TIA) or clothianidin (Danis and Marlatt 2021; Robinson et al. 2017, 2021; Thompson, Sweeney, and Popescu 2022). It is noteworthy that IMI also lacked a significant effect in some cases (Boone 2018).
Genotoxicity of thiacloprid in zebrafish liver
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Gülçin Yavuz Türel, Vehbi Atahan Toğay, Dilek Aşcı Çelik
In another study, a high level of DNA damage was detected in human lymphocyte after 2 h incubation with TH; specifically, 75, 150, and 300 μg/mL doses of TH increased chromosomal/DNA damage and decreased proliferation and nuclear division.35 Similarly, in human peripheral lymphocyte cells, exposure to thiacloprid, clothianidin, and imidacloprid increased DNA damage proportionally with increasing concentrations.36 These results were similar in bovine peripheral lymphocytes. TH caused a dose/time-dependent increase in unstable chromosome aberrations, DNA damage, and sister chromatid exchange, while GST enzyme expression increased in higher doses.37 Researchers have also highlighted that TH elevated nitric oxide (NO) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and subsequently the oxidative DNA damage in liver tissue.38
Toxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticides thiamethoxam and imidacloprid to tadpoles of three species of South American amphibians and effects of thiamethoxam on the metamorphosis of Rhinella arenarum
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Shirley Vivian Daniela Fonseca Peña, Guillermo Sebastián Natale, Julie Céline Brodeur
Modern agricultural systems are highly dependent on pesticides and a leading cause of water pollution (Mateo-Sagasta, Marjani Zadeh, and Turral 2018; Sanchez-Bayo 2011). An estimated 3 to 4 million tons of pesticides are applied annually to agricultural lands at the global level (Pimentel 2009; Pretty and Bharucha 2015). A single family of insecticides, the neonicotinoids, account for more than 25% of the global insecticide market, and represent the most widely used insecticide class worldwide (Bass et al. 2015; Sparks 2013). Imidacloprid (IMI), the first commercially available neonicotinoid, has been in use since the 1990s (Jeschke et al. 2011; Stephenson and Solomon 2017). Since then, additional active ingredients have also been developed. These are classified into three groups: N-nitroguanidines (IMI, thiamethoxam (TIA), clothianidin, dinotefuran), nitromethylenes (nitenpyram), and N-cyanoamidines (acetamiprid and thiacloprid) (Jeschke et al. 2011; Simon-Delso et al. 2015; Solomon and Stephenson 2017).