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Calibration, Verification, Quantification, Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data, Detection Limits, and Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
Consider the determination of clofibric acid (CF) in wastewater. Clofibric acid or [2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-propanoic] acid is the bioactive metabolite of various lipid-regulating prodrugs. After chemically derivatizing CF to its methyl ester, a plot of the ratio of the CF methyl ester peak area to that of the internal standard 2, 2ʹ, 4, 6, 6ʹ-pentachlorobiphenyl (22ʹ466ʹPCBP) against the concentration of CF methyl ester in ppm is shown in Figure 2.4. An ordinary (or unweighted) least squares regression line was established and drawn as shown (we will take up least squares regression shortly). The line shows a goodness of fit to the experimental data points. This plot demonstrates adequate linearity over the range of CF methyl ester concentrations shown. Any instability of the GC-MS instrument during the injection of these calibration standards is not reflected in the calibration. Therein lies the value and importance of the IS mode of instrument calibration.
Your daily ‘drugs’ in drinking water? State of the art for artificial groundwater recharge
Published in Jos H. Peters, Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, 2020
Nevertheless fourty years ago first scientific papers discussed the possible effects of contraceptives and antibiotics on drinking water quality (Demoll 1954). Basing on the improvement of analytical methods twenty years later occasional investigations about the occurence of natural and synthetic sterols (Tabak & Bunch 1970, Rurainski et al. 1977) and other pharmaceutical chemicals (Richardson & Bowron 1985) in waste water, surface and drinking water followed. By coincidence clofibric acid, a metabolite of lipid reducing agents, could be detected during herbicide routine analysis (Stan et al. 1994). Basing on this results research work into antirheumatics, analgetics, hormones and other pharmaceutics (Hirsch et al. 1996, Stumpf et al. 1996) and water works monitoring programs started.
Fungal Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Effluents
Published in Mu Naushad, Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment, 2018
Arash Jahandideh, Sara Mardani, Rachel McDaniel, Bruce Bleakley, Gary Anderson
Lipid regulators are a class of chemicals that are prescribed to control elevated levels of different forms of lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia. Lipid regulators include statins, which lower cholesterol, and fibrates which regulate fatty acids and triglycerides (Pahan, 2006). The removal efficiency of these compounds and their main derivative, clofibric acid, is known to be ~28% in conventional WWTPs (Marco-Urrea et al., 2010c). A large amount of lipid regulators is consumed annually, and the failure of current WWTPs to efficiently remove them makes lipid regulators a potential hazard to the environment. Several fungal species have been tested for the removal of this class of pharmaceuticals. Successful removal (near and up to 100%) has been reported for clofibric acid (Marco-Urrea et al., 2010c), and partial removal of 70% was reported for Gemfibrozil (Tran et al., 2010).
Diclofenac removal in water supply by adsorption on composite low-cost material
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Gledson Renan Salomão, Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro, William Deodato Isique, Nádia Hortense Torres, Ianny Andrade Cruz, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
The environmental concerns related to the drugs had their first studies carried out in the United States in the 70s, detecting the presence of clofibric acid, metabolite of antilipemics clofibrate and etofibrate in the concentration of µg L−1 in effluents of sewage treatment stations [6].