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Toxicity of Terpenoids in Human Health
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Ritobrata Goswami, Dijendra Nath Roy
Monoterpenoids: These terpenoids are the simplest member of the terpenoid family. They have the chemical formula of C10H14O. Such terpenoids have been used to develop insecticides and, therefore, they have the potential of acting as toxins (Mihaliak et al. 1991). Monoterpenes secreted by ants act as repellents to other ant species (Scheffrahn et al. 1983). Two decades back, one study evaluated the toxicity of six monoterpenoids including citral, citronellal, eugenol, geraniol, limonene and nerol to C. formosanus, the Formosan subterranean termite (Tholl 2015). Eugenol, a monoterpenoid alcohol, acted as the most effective termiticide (Tholl 2015). Monoterpenoids have been shown to be effective against permethrin-resistant human head lice (Toloza et al. 2008). ‘Pure oxygenated monoterpenoids have also been evaluated for their toxic effects against such lice’. It has been observed that citronellol and geraniol from Geranium sp. oil have demonstrated the most effective toxicity against such lice (Gonzalez-Audino et al. 2011).
Toward New Reactor and Reaction Engineering
Published in Salmi Tapio, Mikkola Jyri-Pekka, Wärnå Johan, Chemical Reaction Engineering and Reactor Technology, 2019
Salmi Tapio, Mikkola Jyri-Pekka, Wärnå Johan
Hydrogenation of citral was selected as an example, because it nicely illustrates a case with complex stoichiometry and kinetics, which is characteristic for fine chemicals. The stoichiometric scheme is shown in Figure 9.11. The reaction system is relevant for the manufacture of fragrances, since some of the intermediates, citronellal and citronellol, have a pleasant smell, while the final product 3,7-dimethyloctanol is useless. This is why the optimization of product yield is of crucial importance. Isothermal and isobaric experiments were carried out under hydrogen pressure in a monolith reactor system at various pressures and temperatures (293–373 K, Figure 9.11).
Applications of Electroless Nickel and Practical Aspects
Published in Fabienne Delaunois, Véronique Vitry, Luiza Bonin, Electroless Nickel Plating, 2019
A high-active supported nickel catalyst of NiB/SiO2 was reported by Chiang et al. (2007). The NiB/SiO2 catalysts had an ultrafine and amorphous structure, which were much more active than NiB and Ni/SiO2. The optimal catalyst of NiB/SiO2 was used to hydrogenate citral to citronellal and citronellol, which was approximately 14 times as active as NiB, but less selective than NiB. A high yield of citronellal/citronellol of approximately 98% over 5% NiB/SiO2 was obtained.
Genotoxic effects induced by beta-myrcene following metabolism by liver HepG2/C3A human cells
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Juliana Botinhon Orlando, Brian Ogushi Silva, Camila Lehnhardt Pires-Cunha, Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima, Isabel O’Neill de Mascarenhas Gaivão, Edson Luis Maistro
Beta-myrcene is a terpenoid that occurs in two forms – β and α, with the former occurring naturally in essential oils of several useful plants such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), hop (Humulus lupus), verbena (Verbena officinalis), mango (Mangifera indica), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), bay (Laurus nobilis), and Cannabis sativa (Lachenmeier et al. 2006; Mohamed-Hanaa et al. 2012; Paumgartten et al. 1998). This monoterpene is an important intermediate used in the perfumery industry due to its pleasant odor (Behr and Johnen 2009). However, since monoterpenes evaporate readily and have a low boiling point, myrcene is more highly valued as an intermediate for the preparation of flavors and fragrances such as menthol, citral, citronellol, citronellal, geraniol, nerol, and linalool (Fahlbusch et al. 2002; Takabe et al. 1989). Beta-myrcene also contributes to the peppery and balsam aroma in beer (Inui et al. 2013; Vázquez-Araújo et al. 2013).
Vinegar from Bael (Aegle marmelos): A Mixed Culture Approach
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2018
Kaustav Chakraborty, Suman Kumar Saha, Utpal Raychaudhuri, Runu Chakraborty
Widely recognized for religious and therapeutic values, bael (Aegle marmelos) is a medium- to large-sized fruit and gum bearing, deciduous tree of family Rutaceae. Sweet pulp of yellow coloured orb-shaped fruits are rich in phytochemicals including carotenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, pectins, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids and terpenoid. In addition, it is rich in volatiles such as hexanal, limonene, citronellal, citral, β-phellandrene, cuminaldehyde, β-ionone, hexadecane, pulegone, α-humulene, verbenone and carvone that are critical to its enticing aroma and flavour [1]. For essential and non-essential amino acids, bael compares favourably with citrus fruits; it contains 76.8–182 mg/kg of amino acid and aspartic acid constitutes 32% of it [2]. Presence of various curative compounds bestows numerous medicinal values. The plant has been extensively studied regarding pharmacological activity of its major compounds and the results indicated potent anti-microbial, anti-viral, chemo-preventive, anti-fertility, anti-snake venom, antipyretic and anticancer activities [3,4]. Additionally, its utilization, mainly limited to the raw fruit and relatively few processed products like candy and stab, is an indication of immense commercial potential for processing it into herbal medicines and food product.