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Biological hazards
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Margaret Davidson, Ryan Kift, Sue Reed
Mycotoxins produced by fungi can be toxic to animals and humans. The following are some of the main mycotoxins of occupational health significance: Aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus species, are a hepatotoxic carcinogen.Fumonisins, from Fusarium species, are carcinogenic and neurotoxic.Ochratoxins, from Aspergillus species, cause renal disease.Trichothecenes from multiple fungi genera, including Fusarium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, Stachybotrys and Trichodermachartarum, are immunotoxins and cause gastroenteritis.Citrinin, from Penicillium and Aspergillus species, are nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and cytotoxic.Patulin, from Penicillium species, are allergenic (Bennett and Klich, 2003; Samson, 2015). β–1,3-D-glucans are a cell-wall component of fungi, plants and some bacteria, but there is conflicting information about their associated health effects (Donham and Thelin, 2016; Viegas et al., 2017). Research has indicated that β–1,3-D-glucans may trigger an immune response such as asthma or high blood pressure (Oluwole et al., 2018; Viegas et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2015). Further research is required to determine the specific health effects associated with β–1,3-D-glucans exposure.
The protective effect of stilbenes resveratrol and pterostilbene individually and combined with mycotoxin citrinin in human adenocarcinoma HT-29 cell line in vitro
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Ivana Spevakova, Maria-Luisa Fernandez-Cruz, Katarina Tokarova, Hana Greifova, Marcela Capcarova
Citrinin (CIT) is a secondary metabolite produced by different microfungi species of the genera Penicillium, Monascus and Aspergillus, and its chemical structure is presented in Figure 1a. It is known as a natural contaminant of feed and food, with occurrence in stored grains, corn, wheat, rice, barley, beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs, spoiled dairy products,[1] black olive, roasted nuts (almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts, pistachio nuts), sunflower seeds,[2] also in spices as a red chili, black pepper and dry ginger.[3] Co-occurrence of citrinin with other mycotoxins was observed, especially with ochratoxin A (OTA) in grains and grain-based products, and with patulin in fruits and fruit and vegetable juices.[1]
Effect of storage temperature and duration on concentrations of 27 fungal secondary metabolites spiked into floor dust from an office building
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Mukhtar Jaderson, Ju-Hyeong Park
Concentrations of most of the FSMs for the first assay at Week 2 stayed similar to or declined from the baseline, except for citrinin, chaetoglobosin A, neoechinulin A, and roquefortine C, which increased in concentration (Figure 1). The linear regression models with the interaction effect indicated that for 10 of the 27 FSMs, the effect of the storage time was significantly or marginally modified by the temperature condition (Table 3 and Figure 2). For the majority of these FSMs, storage at room temperature had a significantly (Tukey HSD p-values < 0.05) larger decline (from 36% for nivalenol to 83% for 3-nitropropionic acid) at the midpoint of the storage time than at 4 °C (11% for nivalenol to 47% for aflatoxin G2) or at −80 °C (22% for nivalenol to 51% for aflatoxin G2) except for alternariol, citrinin, and citreorosein. For alternariol and citreorosein, although the interaction models identified marginal (for alternariol) or significant (for citreorosein) interaction effects, Tukey HSD multiple comparison did not find that they had different time effects by temperature. Concentration of citrinin declined substantially (55%) over time when stored at room temperature, compared with storage at 4 °C or −80 °C, for which there were no significant time effects. When stored at room temperature, citrinin, fumonisin B1, 3-nitropropionic acid, and aflatoxins G1 and G2 were among the FSMs with the largest decline in concentration (55–83%) at the midpoint while deoxynivalenol, stachybotrylactam, and nivalenol concentrations declined less than 50%.
Development of α- and γ-Fe2O3 decorated graphene oxides for glyphosate removal from water
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Tássia R. T. Santos, Murilo B. Andrade, Marcela F. Silva, Rosângela Bergamasco, Safia Hamoudi
Graphene oxide (GO) is considered a worthy candidate as an adsorbent due to its unique 2D structure [16]. It has a high surface area and functional groups abundant in the surface introduced by the oxidation process of graphite, which can be used as anchoring sites for the binding of contaminants, becoming a material with high adsorption potential [17,18]. GO and nanoparticles combined with GO have been used extensively for the removal of several contaminants proving to be effective and economical materials [19–21]. In addition, GO has been used as a sensor for several substances such as citrinin, tryptophan, ochratoxin A, quercetin, morin, rutin, triclosan and tyrosine [22–28]. GO was also used successfully in fuel cells [29,30], among other different applications.