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Polymers: Making New Materials
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
After the war there was extensive overcapacity and the Dreyfus brothers developed cellulose acetate into a fiber called artificial silk. The technology, which involves evaporation of the solvent, is called dry spinning. Research optimized the process for both production and spinning of cellulose acetate and eventually resulted in fibers stronger than natural silk. The process also controlled the uniformity of fiber size and cross-section shape, both of which are critical for acceptable performance in fabric. Celanese also developed methods for dyeing the fabric. Eventually, much of the textile use of cellulose acetate was replaced by entirely synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyesters. Cellulose acetate is currently used extensively in cigarette filters. It was also used as one of the first successful membranes for kidney dialysis machines. Cellulose acetate is also used in coating of pills, both to protect the contents from deterioration and as a means of controlled release.
Waste Generation and Management
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
Cigarette butts are the most numerous form of trash that volunteers collect from the world’s beaches on the Ocean Conservancy’s cleanup days. More than 2 million cigarette parts were recently collected in a single year worldwide. Other sources present the same data. For instance, New York State experiences an estimated 1.5 million tons of cigarette butts a year. In Texas, butts account for about 13% of the litter accumulated on the state’s highways, equaling 130 million butts a year. However, cigarette filters are made from wood-based plastic fibers that can be recycled. There are now a handful of companies working to collect and recycle spent cigarette butts and recycle them into plastic lumber that can be used for benches, pallets, and other uses [106].
IoT-Based Self-Healing Concrete (SHC) : Using Bacteria and Environmental Waste
Published in Rajdeep Chowdhury, S. K. Niranjan, Advances in Applications of Computational Intelligence and the Internet of Things, 2022
Sunit Kumar Singh, Satyam Kumar Singh, Rajdeep Chowdhury
This process is also similar to the previous one except using of bacteria. Here, the microcapsules will be filled with cigarette filters (crushed), rice husk, and sawdust proportionally mixed with adhesive. But the most efficient and functioning will be the cigarette filters, as they are made from the cellulose acetate fiber. One of the efficient works can be done with it; rice husk and sawdust are easily biodegradable, but cigarette filters generally take 18 months to 16 years to decay. The use of these filters makes the environment clean and cannot produce harm to the nature.
Measurement of harmful nanoparticle distribution among filters, smokers' respiratory systems, and surrounding air during cigarette smoking
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Kaihong Hou, Banglin Deng, Aodong Liu, Jiaqi Ran
Reducing the harm of cigarettes to humans has been extensively studied in recent years. Hatsukami et al.[14] suggested that providing tobacco users with low-yield tar/nicotine cigarettes can be a good way to reduce harm to humans. Hirn et al.[15] argued that heating tobacco rather than burning tobacco produces lower levels of harmful ingredients. Tang et al.[16] created a cigarette model to accurately predict the velocity and the distributions of temperature and pressure of cigarette smoke, which has important implications for cigarette production. However, the main way used currently to reduce the amount of harmful substances entering into human body from cigarettes is to install filters to cigarettes.[17] With the gradual improvement of health awareness, research on cigarette filters is increasing. Talaiekhozani et al.[18] found that the use of MgO nanoparticles in cigarette filters presents better performance in removing CO2, NOx, THC, and CO from cigarette smoke. Morabito[19] suggests that cigarette filters enhanced by charcoal can reduce carbonyl within mainstream smoke by nearly 99%, and tar and nicotine by nearly 77% under ideal conditions. Tian et al.[20] investigated the blocking and filtering effect of silkworm silk fiber filters against mainstream smoke of cigarettes. Fu et al.[21] developed a cellulose cigarette filter with a 3D porous structure, which shows good filtering properties for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Shin et al.[22] evaluated the effects of cigarette filters on the chemical composition of cigarette smoke based on three types of cigarettes. Caraway et al.[23] investigated the effects of cigarette filter ventilation on mouth exposure to tar and nicotine. Poorol et al.[24] researched the relationship between cigarette emissions and cigarette filter length and diameter, and found that increase of 1 mm cigarette filter length increased the absorption of benzene, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and formaldehyde by 1.5%, 1.3%, 1.9%, 2.0%, and 0.7%, respectively. All studies on cigarette filters provide new ways to reduce harmful substances entering the body.