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The measurement of temperature
Published in John Bird, Science and Mathematics for Engineering, 2019
A copper-constantan thermocouple can measure temperature from -250°C up to about 400°C, and is used typically with boiler flue gases, food processing and with sub-zero temperature measurement. An iron-constantan thermocouple can measure temperature from -200°C to about 850°C, and is used typically in paper and pulp mills, re-heat and annealing furnaces and in chemical reactors. A chromel-alumel thermocouple can measure temperatures from -200°C to about 1100°C and is used typically with blast furnace gases, brick kilns and in glass manufacture.
The measurement of temperature
Published in John Bird, Carl Ross, Mechanical Engineering Principles, 2019
A copper-constantan thermocouple can measure temperature from −250°C up to about 400°C, and is used typically with boiler flue gases, food processing and with sub-zero temperature measurement. An iron-constantan thermocouple can measure temperature from −200°C to about 850°C, and is used typically in paper and pulp mills, re-heat and annealing furnaces and in chemical reactors. A chromel-alumel thermocouple can measure temperatures from −200°C to about 1100°C and is used typically with blast furnace gases, brick kilns and in glass manufacture.
Predictive Modelling and Optimization of Performance and Emissions of Acetylene Fuelled CI Engine Using ANN and RSM
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Gavaskar Thodda, Venkata Ramanan Madhavan, Lakshmanan Thangavelu
Acetylene gas was injected through the suction stroke. Gas flow rates were varied from 2, 4, and 6 lpm. The gas flow rate was measured by flow meter. The flow was regulated at a pressure of 2 bar using double stage gas regulator. An encoder was used for the determination of crank angle. Thermocouple of K type Chromel–alumel was used for the measurement of temperature at various positions of the test rig. A data acquisition system was used for the collection of data and stored in the computer for enabling offline analysis. The schematic diagram of the setup is shown in Figure 2 and the fuel properties are given in Table 1. Experiment methodologies implemented in the present work were exhibited in the Table 2. The engine specifications are given in the Table 3.
Multi-Resolution Analysis of a Historic Sodium Loop Experiment for TREAT
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
Thomas Moore, Mike Steer, Marco Delchini, Mathieu Martin, Brian Woods
The HOP 1-6A experiment had instrumentation for temperature profile, sodium flow rates, and pressure drop across the loop. Figure 1 shows qualitatively where the instrumentation was located. For this benchmark, only the instrumentation in the lower bend, test train, and bulk mixing region are of interest. Figure 10 shows the list of the locations of each thermocouple. The temperature was measured using thermocouples made of chromel-alumel.2 The temperature peaks for this experiment were expected to be no greater than 1000°F. The thermocouples in the test section have wiring coming from the top of the experimental apparatus. The thermocouples for the fuel temperature are welded to the outside of the flow tubes. The temperature of the fuel is extrapolated from these data.
Effect of metal foam thickness on the conduction and convection heat transfer for a flat plate with metal foam impinged by multiple jets
Published in Experimental Heat Transfer, 2022
Ketan Yogi, Shankar Krishnan, S.V. Prabhu
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental setup for an inline array of jet impingement on a targeted plate. A filtered air is compressed in the compressor and stored in the receiver tank. An air filter positioned at the downstream of the receiver tank absorbs moisture content and supplied to the plenum chamber through a calibrated venturi meter (= 15mm, = 0.99) with at constant line pressure. The pressure difference across the venturi meter is measured using a U-tube manometer. The needle valves located upstream and downstream of the venturi meter control the mass flow rate of air. Air is directed to the plenum through a diffuser. A mesh structure is put in the plenum to generate a uniform flow at the inlet of the jet plate. A jet plate (4 mm thickness) which is an orifice plate made of mild steel is placed at the exit of the plenum to generate jets. Jets introduced from the jet plate are made to impinge on a targeted plate position on the transverse system. AC power supply (rating 2 kW) is used to give electric power to the targeted plate. The current and voltage across the targeted plate are measured using a clamp meter and multimeter (‘Meco’ make, accuracies of 0 to 1000 ± 0.5% A and 0 to 20 ± 0.5% V, respectively). The ambient temperature is measured using calibrated Chromel-Alumel (K-type) thermocouple. The air-jet temperature is measured using a K-type thermocouple at the exit of the nozzle. A thermal IR camera placed at the backside of the targeted plate captures steady-state IR images which are analyzed in the computer to get the targeted plate temperature. The minimum temperature difference between the plate and jet is try to keep around 12 to 15 in order to minimize the measurement uncertainty.