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Associations between Genetic Polymorphisms and Heart Rate Variability
Published in Herbert F. Jelinek, David J. Cornforth, Ahsan H. Khandoker, ECG Time Series Variability Analysis, 2017
Anne Voigt, Jasha W. Trompf, Mikhail Tamayo, Ethan Ng, Yuling Zhou, Yaxin Lu, Slade Matthews, Brett D. Hambly, Herbert F. Jelinek
The process of high-affinity choline uptake into cholinergic nerve terminals provides choline as a substrate for synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Cholinergic neurons transmit signals to a variety of target cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and thus are involved in numerous biological processes, including the autonomic innervation of the heart. In the central and peripheral nervous systems, choline transporter (CHT) is expressed almost exclusively in cholinergic neurons (Black and Rylett 2012). Presently only one study has shown a link with a polymorphism in CHT and HRV (Neumann et al. 2005). Another study investigated the same polymorphism in diabetics with CAN; interestingly, a correlation was seen suggesting a role of CHT1 in CAN (Parson 2011).
Multi-Functional Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Ireen Denya, Sarel F. Malan, Jacques Joubert
Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) is an enzyme that catalyses the acetylation of choline by acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) to produce acetylcholine and coenzyme A (Fig. 11.1). The original building blocks, acetate and choline, enter the nerve cell via specific transporters. After CAT intervention, the resultant ACh is stored in presynaptic neuronal vesicles until it is released into the synapse during neurotransmission. In the synapse acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic (cholinergic) receptors of the postsynaptic neuron resulting in a transfer between neurons (Fig. 11.2). CAT is produced mainly by the nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain (Hebb and Whittaker, 1958).
Cholinergic alterations by exposure to pesticides used in control vector: Guppies fish (Poecilia reticulta) as biological model
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
G. A. Toledo-Ibarra, E. J. Rodríguez-Sánchez, H. G. Ventura-Ramón, K. J. G. Díaz-Resendiz, M. I. Girón-Pérez
As previously described, the molecular target of temephos and spinosad is the cholinergic system, which relies on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a molecule that is distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system (Wessler and Kirkpatrick 2001; Abreu-Villaça et al. 2011; Nizri and Brenner 2013). Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized in the cytoplasm from choline and acetyl-CoA by the choline acetyl transferase enzyme (ChAT). Once synthesized, ACh is accumulated in transport vesicles (VAChT) that use a transvesicular proton gradient associated to an ATPase (Deiana et al. 2011). When ACh is released to the extracellular milieu (synapsis) it interacts with nicotinic or muscarinic receptors (nAChR and mAChR, respectively). Cholinergic activity ends when ACh is hydrolyzed by AChE or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), producing acetate and choline. Choline is rapidly recaptured by the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT), which favors the continuous synthesis of ACh (Abreu-Villaça et al. 2011).