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Characterization Techniques of Nanoparticles Applied in Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Vipin Kumar Sharma, Daphisha Marbaniang
SLNs comprise mainly lipids that are available in solid phase at room temperature and surfactants for emulsification, the mean diameters of which range from 50 nm to 1,000 nm for colloidal drug delivery applications (zur Mhlen and Mehnert, 1998). Solid lipids utilized in SLN formulations include fatty acids (e.g., palmitic acid, decanoic acid, and behenic acid), triglycerides (e.g., trilaurin, trimyristin, and tripalmitin), steroids (e.g., cholesterol), partial glycerides (e.g., glyceryl monostearate and glyceryl behenate), and waxes (e.g., cetyl palmitate). Several types of surfactants are commonly used as emulsifiers to stabilize lipid dispersion, including soybean lecithin, phosphatidylcholine, poloxamer 188, sodium cholate, and sodium glycocholate (Zhang et al., 2010). The advantages of SLNs include improved bioavailability, protection of sensitive drug molecules from the environment (e.g., water and light), controlled and/or targeted drug release (Mehnert and Mäder, 2001; Müller et al., 2000; 2002), improved stability of pharmaceuticals, feasibility of carrying both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, and biodegradability of most lipids (Jenning et al., 2000; Müller and Runge, 1998). Various drugs like rifampicin, isoniazid (Pandey and Khuller, 2005), ibuprofen (Panga et al., 2009), tobramycin (Cavalli et al., 2002), doxorubicin (Wong et al., 2006), doxorubicin and paclitaxel (Serpe et al., 2004), and methotrexate and camptothecin (Ruckmani et al., 2006; Yang et al., 1999), etc., have been incorporated in different categories of SLNs for the potential of their respective therapeutic effects.
Nano Carrier Systems of Ubidecarenone (Coenzyme Q10) for Cosmetic Applications
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
N. k. Yadav, Rekha Rao, O. P. Katare, Sanju Nanda
Junyaprasert et al. (2009) prepared CoQ10 nano-emulsion using medium chain triglycerides and NLCs using cetyl palmitate/medium chain triglycerides. Formulations were characterized for viscoelastic and crystal properties for one year at 4, 25 and 40°C. NLC and nano-emulsion formulations showed more than 90% CoQ10 entrapment up to 12 months, however preparation exposed to light showed decreased entrapment. Rheological behavior of NLC and nano-emulsion dispersions results in pseudo-plastic flow, whereas hydrogels of NLC and nano-emulsion showed plastic flow. However, NLCs results in better chemical and physical stability when compared to nanoemulsion formulation.
The Biosphere: Environmental Biochemistry
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Waxes are produced by both plants and animals, largely as protective coatings. Waxes are found in a number of common products such as lanolin in sheep’s wool and cetyl palmitate (below) in the spermaceti wax extracted from the blubber of the sperm whale and used in some cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations.
Optimization of subcritical water-mediated lipid extraction from activated sludge for biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Ifeanyichukwu Edeh, Tim Overton, Steve Bowra
At the optimum conditions of temperature 80 °C, extraction time 20 min and biomass loading 1%, the composition of the lipid extract obtained from GC analysis included acylglycerol (mono-, di- and triacylglycerol), sterol (cholesterol), wax ester (cetyl palmitate), fatty acids (palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid and decanedioc acid), and phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol), with palmitic acid as the predominant fatty acid. The lipid composition agrees with those presented by Christie, Quemeneur and Marty, and Revellame [24–26]. With this composition, activated sludge could be used for the production of biodiesel, renewable diesel and oleochemicals.