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Issues and Challenges of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Published in Thandavarayan Maiyalagan, Perumal Elumalai, Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries: Trends and Progress in Electric Vehicles, 2020
O. Padmaraj, N. Satyanarayana, S. Austin Suthanthiraraj, C. Venkateswaran
In general, liquid electrolyte has a higher reactivity with Li metal anode owing to the instability of SEI film during electrochemical processes, which results in serious Li dendrite growth, low coulombic efficiency and safety hazards. Moreover, it is highly influenced by the chemical nature of different electrolytes including carbonate, ester and ether based liquid electrolytes [189, 190]. Therefore, in the past decades, many research activities have been proposed for constructing a stable SEI film via modifying an electrolyte that can adequately prevent the electrolyte decomposition on Li metal anode during subsequent cycles, which are briefly described in this section.
Dialkyl Carbonates
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Leslie R. Rudnick, Carlo Zecchini
GLICA is also used as reactant for the synthesis of water-dispersible polyisocyanate resin, cross-linkable acrylic or epoxy acrylic coating, or thermosetting powder coating. Transesterification of GLICA by rapeseed methyl ester (RME), catalyzed by organotin catalysts, proved to be the best pathway for long-chain glycerol carbonate ester (GCE) synthesis. These GCEs have high thermal stability, as was shown by differential thermal analysis [50]. Characterization of the GCEs showed that they were excellent additives for metal machining lubricants, with a lubricating power comparable to that of trimethylpropane oleate [51,52]. GLICA is completely miscible with water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate.It is not miscible with hexane, MTBE, diethylether, and toluene.The physical properties of GLICA can be found in Table 16.10.
Electrolytes, Additives, and Binders for Sodium Ion Batteries
Published in Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Lei Zhang, Advanced Materials for Sodium Ion Storage, 2019
Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Lei Zhang
There are some necessary requirements and key points for the SIB-based electrolytes, including the chemical/electrochemical/thermal inertness, electrical insulating, ionically conductive, low-cost, scalable production available, environmentally friendly, and facial fabrication process.3,4 As we all know, the natural features of the liquid electrolytes have a tight relationship with the dissolved salts, the organic solvents, and also the introduced additives. Compared to the additives, the battery performance is more likely to be effected by the dissolved salts and the liquid solvents. For the suitable salts which are dissolved inside the solvent, some necessary key points are required, including the solubility within the suitable solvents, chemical stability during the oxidation and reduction conditions, and chemical inertness within the cells.2 As for the solvent, it should be polar even under high dielectric constant, shows low viscosity to enhance the transfer of ions, electrochemically stable during the charging/discharging process, and maintains liquid status under broad temperature ranges.2 Although tremendous research attention has been paid to developing suitable electrolytes for SIBs during the past few years, the commercialized SIB electrolytes are still not available. Compared with all the other electrolyte candidates, the carbonate ester-typed compounds which are composed of the sodium salts are regarded as the most promising ones for the practical SIBs application.
Dealloying of modified Al-Si alloy to prepare porous silicon as Lithium-ion battery anode material
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Rongfu Xu, Yueya Shi, Wenhao Wang, Yong Xu, Zhigang Wang
The prepared porous silicon, acetylene black, and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were stirred uniformly in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) at a ratio of 2:1:1 to make the slurry. The slurry was evenly coated on the copper foil substrate and dried in a vacuum drying chamber at 80°C to prepare electrodes. The CR2016 coin cells were assembled in an Argon-filled glove box with the prepared Si as the cathode, a lithium foil as the counter electrode, and a polypropylene membrane (Celgard 2400) was chosen as the separator, as shown in Figure 1. The electrolyte used in this study was made by 1.0 mol LiPF6 in mixed solvents of Ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), Methyl ethyl carbonate ester (EMC) in 1:1:1 volume ratio with or without additive 5%FEC. The electrochemical performance of the coin cells was studied at a current density of 200 mA/g with a voltage range of 0.01–1.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) in the Wuhan LAND test system.
Dynamic analysis and decentralised control system design for diphenyl carbonate reactive distillation process
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2022
Shirish Prakash Bandsode, Chandra Shekar Besta
Polycarbonates, containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures, are essential group of thermoplastic polymers. The easy moulding and thermoforming properties forge polycarbonates to have several applications. Diphenyl carbonate (DPC), an acyclic carbonate ester, is a monomer in the production of polycarbonate polymers. The transesterification reaction between dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and phenyl acetate (PA) produced DPC [1]. This process required one reactive distillation (RD) column and one separation column and was more effective because of the absence of azeotrope, high equilibrium constants and no side reactions. The RD process, involving the integration of reaction and separation in one place, is usually associated with high non-linearities [2]. The interaction of reaction and separation, responsible for the occurrence of multiple steady states, sets a challenge in designing a robust controller. Furthermore, the high non-linearity and dynamic interactions cannot be effectively controlled by Single-Input Single-Output controller and hence urges for Multi-Input Multi-Output controller.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Study of Tribological Behavior of Dimethyl Carbonate–Diesel Blends in Synthetic Base Oil
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2021
Tao Jiang, Fukang Deng, Yuanyuan Wu, Qing Feng, Shuai Zou, Fuchuan Huang
With the extensive research on the synthesis, application, and combustion mechanism of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), research reveals that the use of DMC as an alternative fuel or additive can help alleviate the environmental pollution caused by diesel engine emissions (4). DMC is a carbonate ester, a flammable liquid with a pleasant odor similar to methanol, colorless, and transparent. In recent years, it has been recommended as an alternative fuel or oxygenated additive fuel for diesel/gasoline fuel (5, 6). DMC has excellent features such as nontoxic production, environmentally friendly, noncorrosive, and safe to handle (5, 6); high oxygen content, 53.28% by weight, which plays an important role in reducing NOx emissions through OH radicals (7); it is well miscible with diesel fuel without adding a cosolvent and has good stability (8); and compared to other oxygenated fuels, the carbon–oxygen ratio is lower and thus the addition of DMC to diesel fuel more easily inhibits the formation of soot (9).