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Solvent Exposure and Toxic Responses
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Carbon disulfide. Carbon disulfide is a highly refractive, flammable liquid which in pure form has a sweet odor and in commercial and reagent grades has a foul smell. It can be detected by odor at about 1 ppm but the sense of smell fatigues rapidly and therefore, odor does not serve as a good warning property. Carbon disulfide is used as a solvent for phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, iodine, alkali cellulose, fats, waxes, lacquers, camphor, resins, and cold vulcanized rubber. It is also used in degreasing, chemical analysis, electroplating, grain fumigation, oil extraction, and dry-cleaning.
Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Carbon disulfide is primarily used to produce rayon and cellophane (regenerated cellulose) and is also used to produce carbon tetrachloride using iron powder as a catalyst at 30°C (86°F): CS2+3Cl2→CCl4+S2Cl2
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Carbon disulfide is a solvent widely used in the manufacture of carbon tetrachloride and ammonium salts, and as a degreasing solvent. It is also the solvent used in the rubber and viscose rayon industries. Chronic exposure to carbon disulfide is one of the best-documented toxic causes for accelerated atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that there is a 2.5- to 5-fold increase in the risk of death from coronary heart disease in workers exposed to carbon disulfide.
Components and dispersion characteristics of organic and inorganic odorous gases in a large-scale dairy farm
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Haobo Guo, Hairui Hao, Qiuping Zhang, Juan Wang, Jianguo Liu
The concentration of sulfur compounds emitted from the cowshed was much higher than that from other sites (Table 1). This finding might be due to the relatively poor ventilation environment in the cowshed, and the protein content in the feed could increase the sulfur compounds produced by anaerobic storage of the excreta (Stevens, Laughlin, and Frost 1993). The oxygen contents of the wastewater at the oxidation pond and solid–liquid separation tank were relatively high due to the constant flow of the liquid, thus inhibiting the growth of anaerobic microbes and producing less sulfur compounds. However, the carbon disulfide concentration in the cowshed (3677 µg/m3) was higher than the national secondary standard for odorous pollutant discharge (3.0 mg/m3) (GB 14554-93; Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China 1993).This is because feed with high sulfur content will produce excreta containing high sulfur content (Bouchard and Conrad 1973). Carbon disulfide can affect the nervous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems of the human body and cause permanent damage to the central and peripheral nerves (Wang 2013).
Novel multi-stage aluminium production: part 1 – thermodynamic assessment of carbosulphidation of Al2O3/bauxite using H2S and sodiothermic reduction of Al2S3
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2018
M. A. Rhamdhani, N. Huda, A. Khaliq, G. A. Brooks, B. J. Monaghan, D. A. Sheppard, L. Prentice
The traditional method of manufacturing carbon disulphide, by a high temperature reaction of charcoal and sulphur vapour, has been largely replaced by the petrochemical process, involving the catalytic reaction of natural gas (methane) and sulphur vapour (ATSDR 2013). The hydrocarbon–sulphur process can be represented by the following reaction:Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons present in the natural gas react in a similar fashion:The process operates in the temperature range 500–700°C, with the formation of H2S as the by-product. The H2S formed may be used as an end-product or it may be reconverted to elemental sulphur by recycling back into the reaction system in a separate partial oxidation unit using the Claus process.
Upcycling of waste textiles into regenerated cellulose fibres: impact of pretreatments
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
Yibo Ma, Lucas Rosson, Xungai Wang, Nolene Byrne
Of the fibres consumed in 2013, approximately 6.3% were man-made cellulosic fibres including viscose/rayon, modal and Tencel® and continual growth of the need for cellulose fibres is predicted (Michud, Tanttu, et al., 2016). Various processes exist to manufacture man-made cellulosic fibres, the two most common and the only two to be significantly commercialized are the viscose process and lyocell-type processes (Ma et al., 2016; Ma, Hummel, Kontro, & Sixta, 2018). Both processes involve using the highly purified dissolving-grade pulp as cellulose source (Ma, 2018). Along with requiring high-quality raw material, both the viscose and lyocell processes have environmental drawbacks starting with the emissions to water and air from pulp mill processing (Water footprint network, 2017). Viscose manufacturing uses carbon disulfide for cellulose derivatisation (Fischer, Sendner, Büchner, & Schlesinger, 1988). On the other hand, whilst lyocell manufacture is essentially a closed-loop system, the risk of hazardous runaway reactions is present and thus other stabilizing chemicals are needed (Fink, Weigel, Purz, & Ganster, 2001). Despite the environmental concerns, the production of these fibres is in highly demand. Freitas and Mathews (Water footprint network, 2017) describe an annual increase in production of viscose fibres of 7.7% from 2000 to 2010 and show that in the 6-year period from 2007 to 2013, China more than doubled its production of viscose fibres. The need for man-made cellulosic fibres is present; however, in order to meet the legislative and environmentally conscious consumer needs, a shift from the current highly polluting processes to a more closed-loop process is essential.