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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Chlorpyrifos and coumaphos are both OP insecticides; chlorpyrifos is used on both crops and livestock, but coumaphos is used exclusively on animals. Carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, is used on crops. Pendimethalin and trifluralin are herbicides used on annual grasses and broadleaf weeds among crops, and metalazyl is a fungicide used on crops and in soil treatment for disease control. The acute toxicities of these pesticides vary from slightly toxic (pendimethalin) to highly toxic (coumaphos and carbofuran).1167 Chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, and carbofuran all inhibit AChE to varying degrees.1167 Thus, it is unlikely that the observations for these six chemicals could result from some common use pattern or toxicity. Although the findings for these unrelated pesticides make it difficult to speculate on a potential mechanism, the results do suggest that pesticide exposures that do not result in poisonings may be a risk factor for MI in women.
Carbofuran
Published in Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray, Handbook of Environmental FATE and EXPOSURE DATA, 2017
Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray
Food Survey Values: Carbofuran was detected in 1 of 86 samples (detection limit 10 ppb) of Ontario, Canada-grown vegetables sampled in 1980-1985; the positive sample (1 of 9 tomato samples tested) contained 60 ppb of carbofuran; carbofuran was not detected in asparagus, cauliflower, cucumber, and potatoes [16]. The ranges of concn (depending on the method of irrigation used) of carbofuran on the external and edible leaves of outdoor crisp lettuce were 6.78-10.81 and 1.65-1.75 ppm, respectively, immediately after spraying with a single dose of carbofuran [4]. The values after 21 days for the external leaves had declined to <5 to 30 ppb and the concn in the edible leaves declined to <5 ppb within 14 days [4]. The ranges of concn of carbofuran on the external and edible leaves of outdoor crisp lettuce were 2.16-2.48 and 6.18-10.85 ppm, respectively, immediately after spraying with a single dose of carbofuran [4]. The values after 21 days for the external and edible leaves had declined to 0.14-0.25 ppm and <0.005 ppm, respectively [4].
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
The symptoms of carbofuran poisoning include, but are not limited to, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, weakness, imbalance, blurring of vision, breathing difficulty, increased blood pressure, and incontinence. Death may result at high doses from respiratory system failure associated with carbo-furan exposure. Complete recovery from an acute poisoning by carbofuran, with no long-term health effects, is possible if exposure ceases and the victim has time to regain his or her normal level of cholinesterase and to recover from symptoms. Reports have indicated that risks from exposure to carbofuran are especially high among occupational workers and general public suffering with asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal or urogenital tracts disturbances. The available studies indicate carbofuran is unlikely to cause reproductive effects in humans at expected exposure levels. Studies indicate carbofuran is not teratogenic. No significant teratogenic effects have been found in the offspring of rats given carbofuran (3 mg/kg/day) on days 5 to 19 of gestation.
Non-carcinogenic health risk from carbamate pesticide exposure of toddlers living in agricultural areas of Thailand
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Satinee Siriwat, Parichat Ong-Artborirak, Chakrit Ponrachom, Wattasit Siriwong, Thitirat Nganchamung
In this study, all toddlers were highly exposed to carbamate residues through the skin. Their hands and feet contained aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, and methomyl that were from the common insecticides used for the local economic crops (tomatoes, chilies, potatoes, and cantaloupes) typically cultivated in north-eastern Thailand (National Statistical Office 2019). This may have resulted from pesticide drift or take-home exposure from other family workers (López-Gálvez et al. 2019; Dereumeaux et al. 2020; Suarez-Lopez et al. 2020) and from their activities, during which they were in contact with contaminated carbamate residues in homes surrounded by agricultural fields (Ding and Bao 2014; Dereumeaux et al. 2020; Goumenou et al. 2021). It is possible that toddlers could be exposed to other pesticides used in agricultural areas. According to WHO-recommended classifications of pesticides by hazard, aldicarb is extremely hazardous and carbofuran and methomyl are highly hazardous, while carbaryl and carbosulfan are moderately hazardous ([WHO] World Health organization 2010). A previous study found that gestational carbamate exposure, such as to carbaryl, was likelier to increase the risk of developmental delay among children (Frazier 2007; Shelton et al. 2014). Thus, these chemicals may have adverse health effects among toddlers, especially if they are exposed to carbofuran and carbosulfan measured in high concentrations. Furthermore, carbofuran exposure may lead to neurodevelopmental effects in children (Zhang et al. 2019) and cardiovascular complications such as tachypnea, salivation, miosis, elevated blood pressure, fasciculation, myocardial infarction (El-Nahhal and El-Nahhal 2021). Therefore, an intervention program is necessary for caregivers to their toddlers from being exposed to residential pesticides.