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The development and use of non-staining cements in American masonry
Published in João Mascarenhas-Mateus, Ana Paula Pires, Manuel Marques Caiado, Ivo Veiga, History of Construction Cultures, 2021
The crystalline silicate phases in these grappier cements have not been extensively studied. However, petrographic examinations performed at the author’s laboratory suggest these include some higher-temperature calcium aluminosilicate phases. These clearly distinguish the grappier cements from white Portland cements microscopically as the major constituents of the latter include only belite, alite, and tricalcium aluminate. These binders are also distinguished chemically by the higher content of silica in grappier cements than in white Portland cements.
Basic Application Principles
Published in John H. Mallinson, Corrosion-Resistant Plastic Composites in Chemical Plant Design, 2020
This is a calcium aluminosilicate glass widely used for surfacing mats, glass, flakes, or flake glass linings and for acid-resistant cloths. Unfortunately, it has poor water resistance and carries a premium cost. At one time consideration was given to trying to develop this in the form of an R glass for filament-winding applications. The economics, however, were against it, and R glass passed away in the development stage.
Glass Fiber Composite Materials
Published in Omar Faruk , Jimi Tjong , Mohini Sain, Lightweight and Sustainable Materials for Automotive Applications, 2017
A-glass fiber is an ordinary glass made up of soda-lime silicate with little or no boron oxide and it is also known as alkali-lime glass. The letter A is derived from the word “alkali-lime.” This is the first glass used in glass fibers. E-glass fiber is formed by an alumina-calcium-borosilicate with maximum alkali oxides content of 2% used as general purpose fibers where high electrical resistivity is needed. The letter E is originally derived from the word “electrical” because this is used in all electrical applications. This has a higher thermal expansion compared to other glass fibers. C-glass fiber is mainly used in the corrosive acid environment and it has higher chemical stability. It contains alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide. D-glass fiber contains silica and boron trioxide of borosilicate glass and it has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, making it resistant to thermal shock. S-glass contains alumina-silicate without CaO, but with high MgO content. It is mainly used in higher tensile strength and modulus applications. R-glass contains calcium aluminosilicate used for reinforcement, which has higher strength and acid corrosion resistance. The weight contents of chemical composition in various glass fibers are listed in Table 7.1.
High-recycled-content hydraulic cements of alternative chemistry for concrete production
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2018
Faris Matalkah, Mohamed Mahmoud, A. G. N. D. Darsanasiri, Nastaran Abdol, Parviz Soroushian, Anagi M. Balachandra
Calcium oxide and sodium carbonate were used for activation of the impounded coal ash. Waste glass was also used at low concentration as a source of reactive silica, and potentially calcium oxide and sodium oxide. The formulations of raw materials used for processing into hydraulic cements are presented in Table 3. These formations were derived based on the chemical criteria outlined below, and after preliminary trial-and-adjustment investigations. Calcium oxide was used to enhance the aluminosilicate-based hydrates by forming calcium aluminosilicate hydrate gel (Lancellotti et al. 2013) . The presence of CaO lowers microstructural porosity, and thus improves the structure and properties of the resultant binder. It also benefits silicate and polysialate network formation, stimulating uniform hardening throughout the matrix and achieving higher early age strengths (Temuujin, Van Riessen, and Williams 2009). The addition of high contents of soluble aluminium compounds, such as Al(OH)3, lowers the Si/Al molar ratio, and thus raises the degree of crosslinking and moisture resistance of the resultant aluminosilicate hydrates (Fletcher et al. 2005; Rattanasak, Chindaprasirt, and Suwanvitaya 2010).