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Pharmaceutical Applications of Alginates
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
Amit Kumar Nayak, Moumita Ghosh Laskar, Mohammad Tabish, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal
Biocompatibilities, as well as immunogenicity of the polymeric systems, are the two vital concerns for the successful applications as carriers for the drug delivery applications. Biocompatibility of alginates has already been investigated via injecting the calcium alginate into the kidneys of rodent animals. The outcomes from these studies have established that calcium alginate is biocompatible in nature (Gombotz and Wee, 1998; Shilpa et al., 2003). Calcium alginate gels are found to be non-toxic to cells, and therefore, these are recognized as an acceptable biopolymeric material for the uses in the pharmaceutical drug delivery formulations. Several researches have scrutinized the higher levels of safety issues of the sodium alginate in various food products. Different allergy tastings of sodium alginate and other alginates (like calcium alginate, zinc alginate, aluminum alginate, etc.) have also been performed, and the results of these tests have suggested that these alginates are non-allergic in nature (Dusel et al., 1986).
NanotechnologyThe Hope for New Generation and Its Therapeutic Applications
Published in Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Debasis Nayak, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2019
Dnyaneshwar Rathod, Avinash Kharat, Varsha Wankhade, Mahendra Rai
Calcium alginate hydrogel combined with chitosan nanoparticles can be used against inflammation and neovascularization in the treatment of wounds (Wang et al., 2018). This combination has also been observed to exhibit significant antibacterial activity. Through the modulation of generation of reactive oxygen species, it increased synthesis and secretion of IL-6 in vascular endothelial cells, which indicates its efficacy for pro-inflammatory initiation. It was also found to catalyze the vascular endothelial cell invasion, metastasis, and neovascularization to quicken the injury healing. Karri et al. (2016) studied the application of chitosan nanoparticles impregnated into scaffold, which showed that a combination of nanoparticles with scaffold treated wounds remarkably quickly as compared with wound control and placebo scaffold groups. They also analyzed and predicted that complete epithelialization with thick granulation tissue formation was observed in combination, whereas an absence of compact collagen deposition in the placebo scaffold group and the presence of inflammatory cells in the control group was observed. Therefore, it was concluded that the synergistic combination of curcumin, chitosan, and collagen can be a promising agent to treat different pathological manifestations of diabetic wounds.
Encapsulation Of Probiotics For Enhancing The Survival In Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Lohith Kumar Dasarahally-Huligowda, Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Nanotechnology Applications in Dairy Science, 2019
Subrota Hati, Mitali R. Makwana, Surajit Mandal
Alginate is a polysaccharide, which is composed of β-D-mannuronic and α-L-guluronic acids that are naturally derived by extraction from various species of algae. Most extensively used form is alginate hydrogels in microorganisms encapsulation.44 Calcium alginate, because of its simplicity, low cost, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity, is preferred for encapsulating probiotics. Successful usage of alginate in microencapsulation of probiotics is mainly on account of its property of providing basic protection against acidity.13 However, alginate is by far the most frequently used polymer to encapsulate probiotic cells because it can absorb water molecules, easy to be manipulated, and unhazardous in use, besides having other benefits, such as thickening, stabilizing, and gelling, mostly required for the food industry.16 Because of ease in handling and low cost with benefit of wide availability, this is generally used for LAB as encapsulating material (polysaccharide). Besides these, it provides increase in the viability of probiotic bacteria upon revelation to various harsh conditions (acidic environment and bile salt concentration) in comparison with nonencapsulated bacteria.4.
3D printing technology and applied materials in eardrum regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Haolei Hu, Jianwei Chen, Shuo Li, Tao Xu, Yi Li
Calcium alginate is a natural organic polymer extracted from seaweed and is a good structural material for cell implantation scaffolds. It can promote cell growth and matrix formation and is usually used as a cell carrier for tissue regeneration. Alginate-based dressings promote healing and epithelial growth and are now widely used to treat and care for chronic wounds. Weber et al. [44] attempted to use computer-aided design to develop calcium alginate for tympanum repair. After making an animal model of chronic TMP with a diameter of approximately 5 mm, the subjects were divided into a control group (without patch), paper patch group, and calcium alginate group. The animals were sacrificed 10 weeks after transplantation, and the healing rate of TMP in the calcium alginate group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups: 9 out of 13 cases in the calcium alginate group, 2 out of 9 cases in the paper patch group, and 1 out of 11 cases in the control group (ALL p < 0.05). The conclusion of the study was that calcium alginate-based TM repair provides a safe, rapid, and effective treatment method for repairing small- and medium-sized chronic TM perforations, which has obvious advantages over traditional techniques and has no ototoxicity（Table 3）.
Medical textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2020
Calcium alginate is a polymer extracted from brown seaweed, Phaeophyceae, by treatment with sodium hydroxide solution, then extruded into a coagulating bath (wet-spun) containing calcium salts to form calcium or mixed calcium/sodium salts to form filaments [101], which, in one of its more-routine applications is used in hospitals in the form of water-soluble alginate bags for ‘used’ (soiled) linen, as the first layer of protection for the health-care worker before being put in a clear plastic bag which can then be safely tagged for place and date. The polymer does however, possess several properties that make it highly-suitable for wound dressings; for example, it has the ability to swell and retain water and wound exudate, thus contributing to the moist wound environment. Furthermore, the gel-forming property allows the dressing to be removed with ease, thus reducing tissue trauma. Calcium alginate is also a natural haemostat and is non-degradable in mammals due to their lack of the enzyme alginase [101–103]. The effect of alginate fibre on wound healing was discussed in journal articles over thirty years ago; when used in dressings for both partial and full thickness wounds, the histology after fourteen days confirmed not only that the alginate was well-tolerated by body fluids and cellular components but also that it was an efficient haemostatic agent [104].
Review of the immobilized microbial cell systems for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons polluted environments
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Calcium alginate gel is usually prepared by the droplet gelation method of Bettmann and Rehm (1984) with alginate solution (4% w/v) and 0.2 M CaCl2 solution. Examples of a few of the different carrier concentrations and gelation times for different contaminants studied are shown in Table 3. One of the main advantages of calcium alginate gel is its stability across a wide pH range (3–10) and temperature (up to 85°C) (Fraser and Bickerstaff, 1997). Tao et al. (2009) examined the mass transfer performance and mechanical stability of alginate beads at different concentrations (2%, 3%, and 4%, w/v) of sodium alginate. According to their results, 3% sodium alginate was selected as the optimal for biodegradation of phenanthrene. Zinjarde and Pant (2000) reported that as concentration of alginate was increased from 1% to 4%, porosity decreased, which led to a reduction in the degradation of aliphatic fraction of crude oil. According to their results, the polymeric beads with 2% alginate degraded 92% of crude oil at concentration of 1%, while FCs degraded only 78% of crude oil in five days. Jianlong et al. (2001) have reported that the highest quinoline degradation rate was achieved when the alginate concentration was 2%. Ausheva et al. (2008) have reported that gel stability during long storage and reversibility are advantages of cell immobilization in calcium alginate beads. Also, the calcium alginate entrapped cells can be deentrapped by vigorous shaking in a 0.3 M sodium citrate solution at pH 5 or 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7 which helps us to analyze the characteristics of cell and measure of cells number after immobilization (Siripattanakul and Khan, 2010).