China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Anaerobic Bioreactors For The Treatment of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Ricardo Alfán-Guzmán, Matthew Lee, Michael Manefield
Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR): In this steady state system, reactants and products are continuously added, mixed and withdrawn. As reactants enter the tank, they are immediately diluted, which in many cases favors the desired reaction or decreases the impact of toxic byproducts (Figure 14.5). Fast mixing also allows easy control over exothermic reactions. Mechanical (propellers) or hydraulic (air spargers) agitation is required to achieve uniform composition (Stoner, 1993). CSTRs are considered ideal systems since all the components in the tank are homogenously distributed, excluding the formation of death zones (regions of low or no mixing) or hot spots (regions with higher temperatures) (Stoner, 1993; Coulson, 1994). The use of CSTRs, besides the already listed advantages, provides a source for yielding large volumes of steady state cells or proteins. In the environmental field, toxic or recalcitrant compounds, like TCE or PCE, can be reductively dechlorinated in CSTRs by continuously maintaining low concentrations of these compounds. Whilst these systems provide low operating costs (unless cooling jackets are needed) and are easy to clean, CSTRs have the lowest conversion rates (Coulson, 1994; Delgado et al., 2014).
Fundamentals and Applications of Reaction Kinetics
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya, Essentials and Applications of Food Engineering, 2019
C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya
A continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), also called a mixed flow reactor (Figure 8.3), is a vessel to which reactants are added and products are removed while the reaction proceeds. The addition and removal of material to and from the vessel is carried out simultaneously. The contents within the CSTR are vigorously stirred by internal agitation or by recycling the contents internally or externally. Attributed to the stirred state of contents in a CSTR, the outlet concentration is assumed to be the same as the concentration at any point within the reactor. To improve the process economy, CSTRs can be arranged either in series or in parallel.
Biotechnological Treatment of Liquid and Solid Inorganic Wastes
Published in Daphne L. Stoner, Biotechnology for the Treatment of Hazardous Waste, 2017
W. D. Gould, R. G. L. McCready
The continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is essentially a cylindrical vessel in which the contents are well mixed (Figure 1) and has provisions for addition of feed, removal of product, mixing, and aeration. The CSTR can be used in either continuous or batch mode. The air-lift fermenter consists of a column with an internal draft-tube (Figure 2). Compressed air is sparged into the base of the draf-tube, which causes the air-entrapped liquid to rise in the draft-tube and return through the annular space on the sides. The air-induced circulation provides both mixing and oxygen transfer. Usually, air-lift fermenters are operated in the batch mode.
Complexity reduction of explicit MPC based on fuzzy reshaped polyhedrons for use in industrial controllers
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2023
Nematollah Changizi, Karim Salahshoor, Mehdi Siahi
In this section, the new proposed algorithm is implemented for a CSTR benchmark system introduced in Morningred et al. (1992). CSTR is the most generally employed reactor in the industry. In a CSTR, one or more fluid reagents are introduced into a tank reactor which is typically stirred with an impeller to ensure proper mixing of the reagents while the reactor effluent is removed. Dividing the volume of the tank by the average volumetric flow rate through the tank gives the space–time, or the time required to process one reactor volume of fluid. Using chemical kinetics, the reaction's expected per cent completion can be calculated. The behaviour of a CSTR is often approximated by that of a Continuous Ideally Stirred-Tank Reactor (CISTR). All calculations performed with CISTRs assume perfect mixing. Figure 7 can demonstrate one simple schematic of this system.
Intermittent sensor fault detection for stochastic LTV systems with parameter uncertainty and limited resolution
Published in International Journal of Control, 2020
Junfeng Zhang, Panagiotis D. Christofides, Xiao He, Fahad Albalawi, Yinghong Zhao, Donghua Zhou
Consider a non-isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) where an irreversible exothermic reaction takes place. In the reactor, the reactant A is converted to the product B via the chemical reaction . The CSTR has a heating jacket which supplies or removes the heat from the reactor. The identified parameters for the linear model of the CSTR are as follows: In our simulation, the initial state, process noise, and measurement noise are mutually independent zero-mean white processes with covariances , , and , respectively. The resolution is . The uncertain parameter matrices are mutually independent zero-mean white processes with covariances , The fault of the CSTR is as follows: It can be seen from Figure 6 that our proposed method has a favourable performance.
Enhanced algorithm for randomised model structure selection
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2022
L. P. Fagundes, A. S. Morais, L. C. Oliveira-Lopes, J. S. Morais
The Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) is a very common industrial equipment used primarily in liquid-phase reactions (Fogler, 2016). In this example it is considered a CSTR similar to the one presented by Balaguer et al. (2011), the reactor is isothermal, with the following van der Vusse reaction. The reactor can be seen in Figure 5.