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Utilization of Pig-on-Litter Compost and Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge for the Growth of Edible Crops: Rate of Application and Effects of Heavy Metals
Published in M.H. Wong, J.W.C. Wong, A.J.M. Baker, Remediation and Management of Degraded Lands, 2018
The freshwater sand, sewage sludge, and POL-compost were analyzed for their nutrient profile. Total nitrogen was measured by the Kjeldahl method (H2O2 and H2SO4 acid digestion), according to Allen, 1989. Soil inorganic nitrate was measured in 25:1, 10-min extraction with deionized and double distilled water, using copperized cadmium reduction, (Willis and Gentry, 1987), FIA, Lachat QuickChem. Sample digest and extract for total and extractable phosphorus were prepared (4: 5 H2O2 and H2SO4 acid digestion and 40:1, 1-h extraction, 2.5% acetic acid extraction), by FIA Lachat Quick Chem, Molybdenum Blue Method (Golterman et al., 1978; Mackereth et al., 1978,). Total carbon was determined by CHN analyzer.
Fuel characterisation studies on chlorella vulgaris methyl ester algae – a third-generation biofuel
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Hariprakash Subburayalu Ramesh, Prakash Thiyagarajan
The schematic diagram of the CHN analyzer is given in Figure 9. Elemental analysis is carried out by using a CHN analyzer in accordance with the ASTM standards. The main principle of the CHN analyzer is found to be that the sample utilised for analysis is instantly oxidised through flash combustion with the aid of a furnace at a temperature of 1800°C in the vicinity of oxygen. The combustion will produce mainly oxides of the relevant elements (CO2, H2O and N2) in the form of gases. The gases are separated from the oxidised products using a gas chromatographic column and the intensity of the gases and the pace of N2 are measured with the thermal conductivity detector. The elemental analysis of CVME algae is shown in Table 6.
Utilization of biomass-derived pyro-oils in compression ignition (CI) engines – Recent developments
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Venkateswarlu Chintala, Amit K Sharma, Ashish Karn, Harsh Vardhan, J K Pandey
Pyrolysis of any kind of biomass could be carried out in fixed-bed reactors. In this process, biomass is fed into the reactor to which heat energy is supplied. When this biomass reaches a critical temperature, thermochemical reactions occur inside the reactor, which subsequently produces fuel vapors. These vapors are collected and condensed into liquid form to obtain pyro-oils (liquid product). It may be noted that some amount of vapors that are uncondensed even after effective condensation are collected separately. The condensable gases are typically termed as pyro-gas (gaseous products). After the pyrolysis reactions are completed, the leftover material inside the reactor is termed as pyro-char (solid product). Typically, pyrolyzed liquid product (pyro-oil) has higher energy density (about 24–36 MJ/kg) than a gaseous product (about 8–16 MJ/kg). Hence, the liquid product will be upgraded to petroleum fuel like, so that it could be utilized in CI engines for small-scale power generation and transport sector applications. In addition, the liquid products are storable and transportable, which is favorable for the potential source as a fuel candidate (Czernik and Bridgwater 2004). The liquid pyro-oils exhibit favorable physiochemical properties, which are suitable for engine applications (Mangesh et al. 2017). Typically, viscosity, density, and pH are measured by viscometer, density meter, and pH meter, respectively. CHN analyzer could be used for the ultimate analysis of the sample feed, i.e., to determine the elemental composition of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). Heating values of liquid fuels could be determined by a bomb calorimeter. The summary of physiochemical properties of pyro-oils derived from various biomass feedstocks is given in Table 3. Some researchers investigated the combined effect of ethanol and waste plastic pyro-oil blend on the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder CI engine (Padmanabhan et al. 2017). Similarly, Vasukumar et al. also utilized waste pyro-oil and diesel blends in a CI engine (Vasukumar, Subramanyam, and Tammineni 2017). Kalargaris et al. carried out a complete investigation on the effects of plastic pyro-oil use in CI engines in terms of performance, emission, and combustion characteristics (Kalargaris, Tian, and Gu 2017a, 2017b, 2017c).