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Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues
Published in William C. Dickinson, Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Solar Energy Technology Handbook, 2018
Philip E. Mihlmester, John B. Thomasian, Michael R. Riches
Toxic gases from doping silicon with boron and phosphorus may be released to the workplace or ambient environment. One of the methods of doping silicon with boron involves the use of boron trichloride (BCl3) at high temperatures. The dissociation of boron trichloride and diffusion of boron into the silicon result in the venting of undetermined amounts of chlorine and boron trichloride. Chlorine gas is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract and may result in pulmonary edema. However, whereas concentrations of 50 parts per million (ppm) are dangerous even for short exposures and levels of 1000 ppm may cause death, a detectable odor at 3.5 ppm and throat irritation at 15 ppm serve as “alarms” and generally prevent severe exposure [2]. Boron trichloride is, however, extremely toxic, having a lowest reported lethal concentration (LCLo) for inhalation in rats of 20 ppm [3], and therefore presents a serious threat in cases of accidental leakage.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Boron trichloride is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Boron trichloride reacts violently with water, and on decomposition and hydrolysis yields hydrochloric and boric acid. It has a pungent, highly irritating odor. Occupational exposure to boron and boron compounds can occur in industries that produce special glass, washing powder, soap and cosmetics, leather, cement, etc.
Conducting an evaluation of CBRN canister protection capabilities against emerging chemical and radiological hazards
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Lee A. Greenawald, Christopher J. Karwacki, Frank Palya, Matthew A. Browe, David Bradley, Jonathan V. Szalajda
The hazards were then categorized into the broad physical property groupings, primarily based on VP. This concluded with 100 solids (chemical and radiological) and 137 gas/vapor chemicals, further categorized into 35 liquids with VP less than 10 mmHg, 45 liquids with VP from 10 –100 mmHg, 22 liquids with VP greater than 100 mmHg, and 35 gases. Twenty-nine unstable chemicals were removed as candidate TRAs, leaving 208 candidate TRAs from the original 237. These unstable hazards included those that would rapidly break down to generate other hazards already identified on the list (e.g., boron trichloride breaking down and titanium tetrachloride to react with moist air to both generate hydrogen chloride). Of the radiologicals, 44 would primarily be encountered in the particulate form, where two would be encountered as a gas/vapor (i.e., radioactive iodine and radioactive methyl iodine).
Electron-induced scattering dynamics of Boron, Aluminium and Gallium trihalides in the intermediate energy domain
Published in Molecular Physics, 2018
Pankaj Verma, Mohammad Jane Alam, Shabbir Ahmad, Bobby Antony
Among these targets, Boron trihalides are widely used in processes of dry etching of thin films and semiconductors [15–21]. For the boron trifluoride (BF3), Kurepa et al. [22] have measured the total ionisation cross section from 16 to 250 eV and dissociative attachment cross sections from 10–13 eV using a parallel plate condenser type ionisation chamber. The electron impact ionisation cross section for boron trichloride (BCl3) has been measured using Fourier transform mass spectrometry by Jiao et al. [23]. They have also observed the parent ion,BCl+3 and three fragment ions, BCl+2, BCl+ and Cl+. In addition to that, Christophorou and Olthoff [24] have measured the ionisation cross section for BCl3 in the energy range 13–29 eV. The electron scattering from boron trihalides has been studied by Bettega [25] using Schwinger multichannel method with pseudo-potentials in low energy range. Szmytkowski et al. [26] have measured absolute total cross sections for electron scattering from BF3 and phosphorus trifluoride using a linear transmission method. Absolute total cross section for BCl3 has been measured in a linear transmission method under single collision conditions by Domaracka et al. [27] whereas Isaacs and McCurdy [28] have studied elastic scattering using complex Kohn method for e-BCl3 molecular system below 8 eV.
Response to comment on “A review of public and environmental consequences of organic germanium”
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Response: Thank you for pointing this out. The study of organogermanium derivatives by Smith and Kraus found that sodium triphenylgermanium can react with boron trichloride in ether solution, so we corrected it to "sodium triphenylgermanide reacts with boron trichloride in ether solution. The halogens are split off as sodium halide and the germanyl groups appear to couple with boron" (Smith & Kraus, 1952).