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Micronutrient Fertilizer Sources, Availability, and Quality in Pakistan
Published in Abdul Rashid, Munir Zia, Waqar Ahmad, Micronutrient Fertilizer Use in Pakistan, 2023
Abdul Rashid, Munir Zia, Waqar Ahmad
This is the most widely used type of micronutrient fertilizer. The most common ones are sulfate salts (i.e., zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, etc.), which contain sulfate along with the specific micronutrient. Fertilizers such as borax, boric acid, Solubor, and Granubor are also inorganic salts. Solubor and Granubor are readily soluble; Solubor is used for foliar sprays and Granubor for soil application. Boric acid can also be solubilized, with some difficulty, and is used for foliar sprays; however, borax is sparingly soluble and is suitable for soil application. Another category of inorganic salts, which are less soluble, are materials such as zinc oxide.
Metals in the workplace
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Boron is an essential element for plants and animals, including humans. Boron compounds are widely used in applications from household cleaning products (e.g. detergents and bleaches) to boron-fibre technology. Borax and boric acid are used in smelting, glazes for ceramic ware and production of glass and glass-related products (e.g. insulation and textile fibreglass, Pyrex), and borax is still used in fireproofing of pulped-cellulose insulation, low-activity insecticide mixtures and leather tanning. These compounds do not pose significant hazards in normal use, and consequently the OEL-TWA ranges from 1 to 10 mg/m3, depending on the type of boron compound. H&S practitioners need to ensure that neither inhalation nor ingestion of dusts can occur.
Inorganic Chemicals in Drinking Water
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Boron is an element found in nature primarily as water soluble borates and condensed ions such as borax, sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O7 · 10H2O. Uses are in manufacture of glass, soaps, and detergent components and in flame retardants. Borax is a detergent booster that helps to soften hard water, disperse the detergent, improve rinsing, neutralize odors, provide some disinfection, and improve stain removal. Sodium perborate is stable and used in detergents as a mild oxygen bleaching agent. Production of borosilicate glass for insulation and heat stability are major uses. Boron compounds are essential for plant growth, but higher soil concentrations are herbicidal, and some are also registered pesticides for insects.
Investigation of crystal growth of borax in single and dual impeller batch cooling crystallizer
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Marija Ćosić, Antonija Čelan, Igor Pehnec, Nenad Kuzmanić
Batch crystallization was carried out by linear cooling of a saturated borax solution which was prepared at 30 °C by dissolving 99.9% pure borax in distilled water. After equilibrium was attained, the saturated solution was filtered through a cake of diatomaceous earth. A programmable thermostatic bath (Medingen TC 250) was used to ensure linear cooling of the prepared mother liquor at the rate of 6 °C/h. The concentration was monitored in-line by the potentiometric method i.e. by using the sodium polymer membrane ion-selective electrode (Na-ISE) and Metrohm 913 pH lab instrument. Details about the Na-ISE application in the batch cooling crystallizer was described in detail in previously published papers (Ćosić et al., 2016; Kaćunić et al., 2013). Supersaturation of the mother liquor was determined from concentration, c, and solubility c* and it was expressed as an absolute supersaturation, Δc (Δc = c-c*).
Parametric study of tumbling fluidized bed to evaluate nitrogen release characteristics of biopolymer-coated controlled release urea
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Babar Azeem, KuZilati KuShaari, Zakaria Man, Sayed Ameenuddin Irfan
Tapioca starch was purchased from the local distributor marketed by Kapal ABC®, Malaysia. It was preserved at −20°C to avoid any microbial activity. Borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O) was provided by R&M Chemicals®, Malaysia. Borax is used not only as a cross-linker; it is a source of boron micronutrient for the plants. Copper chloride (CuCl2) (99.995% pure) was provided by Sigma Aldrich® and used as received. CuCl2 is added in the coating formulation to provide copper as a micronutrient to the plants. Urea granules were provided by PETRONAS Fertilizer Keddah (PFK)®, Malaysia. Urea was sieved and the granules of 2.0 mm size were used in the coating process.