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Clay Mineral Catalysis of Redox, Asymmetric, and Enantioselective Reactions
Published in Benny K.G. Theng, Clay Mineral Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 2018
Likewise, the kinetics of the wet (air) oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide over Al−Fe-PILC may be described by the Langmuir−Hinshelwood equation, if one assumes that the rate-controlling step is the reaction between surface-adsorbed reactant species (Guo and Al-Dahhan 2003a, 2003b; Sobczyński et al. 2004). The same applies to the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of dimethachlor (Belessi et al. 2007) and solophenyl red 3BL (Damardji et al. 2009) in the presence of Ti-PILC, of bisphenol AF in KSF montmorillonite dispersions (Liu et al. 2010), of Congo red over kaolinite-supported TiO2 (Vimonses et al. 2010), of methylene blue over Zn-PILC (Fatimah et al. 2011), of acid red G over TiO2/sepiolite composite (Zhang et al. 2011b), of Reactive Black 5 dye in the presence of kaolinite-supported TiO2 (Henych and Štengl 2013), of β-naphthol over an iron-doped TiO2-montmorillonite complex (Ökte et al. 2014), of methyl green over Zn−Ti-PILC (Hadjltaief et al. 2016), of tetracycline over palygorskite-supported TiO2 and Cu2O−TiO2, and of Rhodamine B in the presence of Fe-PILC (Chen et al. 2017).
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Published in Joseph C. Salamone, Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, 2020
This article describes the low temperature solution polycondensation of phenoxy dichlorophosphate (PDCP) with 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (SDP), phenylphosphonic dichloride (PPD) with 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (bisphenol AF) and its derivatives, and various aryl phosphorodichlorides with bisphenol AF or with 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromo bisphenol AF (TBPAF). We will discuss the effects of a flexible ether linkage and bromine atom on the inherent viscosity, thermal behavior, flame-retardant characteristics, and physical properties such as contact angle and glass transition temperature.
Persistence of three bisphenols and other trace organics of concern in anaerobic sludge under methanogenic conditions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Youn Jeong Choi, Loring F. Nies, Linda S. Lee
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, food containers, and thermal paper among other uses [1,2]. Concerns associated with its endocrine disrupting activity have led to replacement chemicals including bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF (BPAF). However, research on these BPA analogues suggests that they may have similar endocrine disrupting activity [3]. Mass production and usage of BPA resulted in the systematic presence of BPA in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) with influent and effluent concentrations ranging from 0 to 4.50 μg/L and 0 to 3.01 μg/L, respectively; WWTP solids with concentrations as high as 25,600 μg/kg in sludge; and 1.09–3,430 μg/kg in biosolids. BPA still accounts for the majority of the bisphenol analogues present in commercial products. However, rising concerns of the estrogenicity of BPA alternatives spawned several occurrence studies which showed the presence of alternate BPA analogues in wastewater treatment systems [4–6], sediments [7], and human urea [8]. BPS and BPAF were found in WWTP sludge at concentrations as high as 523 μg/kg [4] and 1,480 μg/kg [5], respectively.