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Ecological and Economic Importance of Wetlands and Their Vulnerability
Published in Ashok K. Rathoure, Zero Waste, 2019
It can be well understood from the research outcomes from around the world that wetlands are one of the important ecosystems with ecological and economic importance. The biodiversity of wetland is unique, and each of the members of the system is dependent on the others for their survival. Any reduction or extinction of a species may significantly lead to loss or overgrowth of the others, resulting in collapse of the total ecosystem in the wetlands. The loss of the biodiversity by anthropogenic disturbances or overharvest can initiate such problems. The economic support like fisheries, water, soil fertility etc. can be lost in the long term. The process can also alter regional biogeochemistry and also affect human health, other water resources, agriculture etc. in several ways. Similarly, pollution with chemicals, unplanned land use, eutrophication, climate change etc. can themselves impact each other as well as alter biodiversity and biogeochemistry. So wetland biodiversity must be conserved with proper attention, policy and awareness. The alteration in biogeochemistry by excess sedimentation, eutrophication, pollution, unplanned land use, climate change etc. can affect the ecosystem as well as the water and soil quality of the region leading to similar losses.
Biogeochemical Processes and Climatic Change
Published in Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbial Diversity, 2023
Irshad A. Lone, Mahajabeen Akhter
In 1926, the term “biogeochemistry” was first introduced by V. Vernadsky, which involves the merging or linking of three scientific disciplines, namely biology, geology, and chemistry. The discipline intends to understand intricate processes, preferably microbial-mediated processes, which transform and recycle both organic and inorganic substances in soils, sediments, and waters. Catalyzed by bacteria and archaea, such processes with diverse and highly evolved cellular mechanisms maintain the entire biosphere. Microbial processes have played a central role as drivers and responders of climate change. They indulge in the global changes of the chief biogenetically generated greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, and N2O, and are expected to react swiftly to climate change. The net effect of microbes on biogeochemical cycles has been diverse over the years, and microbes have both contributed to and mitigated changes in the earth’s climate. The potential to mitigate climate change by plummeting greenhouse gas emissions through regulating terrestrial and aquatic microbial processes is an exciting prospect for the future (Endeshaw et al., 2018). By altering their community structures and composition, microbes provide an effective feedback reaction mechanism for climatic change. In this way, environmental crisis is resolved by employing the processes of nutrient cycling and invigorating their well-designed genetic material for mortifying and eradicating substances or gases that promotes global warming (Endeshaw et al., 2018). Biogeochemical cycles and microbial communities when connected together can serve as an effective mechanistic tool to solve climate change. In the following section, we describe the impact of microbes on these cycles. The impact of climatic change directly and indirectly on microbial communities (terrestrial and aquatic) and their corresponding biogeochemical processes have also been illustrated.
Organic Amendments for Sustainable Crop Production, Soil Carbon Sequestration and Climate Smart Agriculture
Published in Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Akhlaq Amin Wani, Climate Change Alleviation for Sustainable Progression, 2022
Maryam Adil, Muhammad Riaz, Farah Riaz, Komel Jehangir, Muhammad Arslan Ashraf, Sajid Ali, Rashid Mahmood, Qaiser Hussain, Afia Zia, Muhammad Arif
Microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and microalgae, strongly respond to small changes occurring in soil and play a vital role in organic matter mineralisation and biogeochemistry of nutrient cycling (Murphy et al., 2007). Microbial activities are mainly expressed in terms of the amount of CO2 released and which is governed by the availability of oxygen in the soil. The macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) are transferred to plants by microbial activity through secretion of organic acids. High N contents of organic matter result in higher N mineralisation and soil N. However, if the N contents of organic amendments are low, microbial utilisation of available N may result in reducing soil mineral N content (Osman, 2012). The microbial N requirements are 20 times less than C. It is quite challenging to differentiate between the direct and indirect controls of organic amendments on soil microbial activities and their behaviour. However, significant research has found direct synergistic effects of organic matter on soil microorganisms due to changes in soil's biological properties, including microbial biomass, respiration and extra-cellular enzymatic activities relating to nutrient cycling (Zaman et al., 2004; Tejada et al., 2006; Kaur et al., 2008). It is also evident that organic amendment addition to crops enhances soil biological functions, health and quality. Moreover, many authors have shown that addition of organic matter to croplands increases soil's organic carbon stocks under long-term field experiments (Garcıa-Gil et al., 2004; Weber et al., 2007; Kaur et al., 2008; Nicolás et al., 2014). Such effects have been observed after application of many types of organic amendments which increased the soil organic matter, such as dairy waste, municipal waste and olive pomace composts (Mantovi et al., 2005; Cherif et al., 2009; Hueso-González et al., 2018). However, repeated applications of digested sewage sludge and animal manure on long-term basis suggested that they were not sufficient to restore the organic matter contents lost due to continuous cultivation (Saviozzi et al., 1999).
Response of microbial community structure to the hydrochemical evolution during riverbank filtration: a case study in Shenyang, China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Wenzhen Yuan, Xiaosi Su, Jing Bai, Wei Xu, Huang Wang, Dong Su
The microbial community is a major component of a groundwater ecosystem and a key participant in biogeochemical evolution processes during riverbank filtration. Microorganisms participate in a series of complex biogeochemistry dynamic processes, including redox sensitive elements circulations such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, manganese, iron, sulfur and so on (Farnsworth et al. 2012). It is a driving force in the biogeochemical reactions, and also in the chemical phase transformation process of redox sensitive elements (Gandy et al. 2007; Farnsworth and Hering 2011). Due to the shifting environment, the microbial metabolic activity and function varies, influencing the nutrients and physicochemical properties such as concentration of electron donor or receptor, pH and redox environment (Lee et al. 1995). Microbial community structure plays an important role in the degradation and migration of pathogenic microorganism, heavy metals, or other organic matters happening between the river water and groundwater and has a certain response relationship with biogeochemical reaction process, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical exchange, aquifer medium structure, and redox zonation (Scow and Hicks 2005). And it is the vitally important ecological environmental factors during the process of material cycle and energy conversion in ecological environment system.