China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Value-Added Products from Microalgae
Published in S Rangabhashiyam, V Ponnusami, Pardeep Singh, Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management, 2023
A. Ayush Kumar, Vinodini Elango, Aayush Kumar Choudhary, Ojshwi Prakash, M. Premalatha, V. Mariappan, Godwin Glivin, N. Kalaiselvan, Joseph Sekhar Santhappan
Bio-oil has been proposed as a potential alternative energy source for use in fuel applications (Lim and Yusup, 2022). Pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction are the two main techniques for producing bio-oil from biomass at the moment. Bio-oil has unfavorable qualities such as high oxygen concentration and acidity, necessitating its upgrading for use as a fuel. All bio macromolecules (carbohydrate, protein, and lipid) are broken down into an organic liquid phase called bio-oil during bio-oil manufacturing. Bio-oil is a possible substitute for crude oil in the production of transportation fuels and the extraction of important compounds. As plant biomass contains tiny levels of sulfur, bio-oils are CO2/GHG neutral with little or zero SOx emissions. As a result, bio-oils are less polluting and cleaner than fossil fuels. Bio-oil, on the other hand, has a number of undesirable qualities (such as high viscosity, corrosiveness, and poor heating value) that limit its use as a liquid fuel. As a result, upgrading bio-oil is required before it can be utilized as a liquid fuel or a chemical feedstock for biorefineries to extract valuable chemicals.
Fuel and Biofuels
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Pau Loke Show
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a hydrothermal processing that operates at a moderate temperature of 150–374 °C with appropriate pressures within the range of 5–20 MPa. It involves the thermochemical conversion of various biomass types in the presence of hot compressed water, producing bio-oil at subcritical condition of water. On the other hand, pyrolysis involves the conversion of biomass at a high temperature of 300–700 °C under atmospheric pressure. Both methods convert biomass into three products, which are solid bio-char, liquid bio-oil and syngas. Solid bio-char is the by-product of the processes and it can be used as soil fertilizer, water filtration substrate, catalysts and carbon sequestration element. Bio-oil, as the primary product, however, is a dark brown liquid with a distinct odour. It usually consists of hundreds of organic compounds that belong to alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and phenol derivatives. Bio-oil can be used directly as fuel in boilers for heat and electricity generation (Isahak et al. 2012). However, to use as a commercially viable transportation fuel, upgrading is needed due to its unfavourable properties, such as high oxygen content and water content, high density and high acidity (Mirkouei et al. 2017).
Fast pyrolysis for biofuel production
Published in Chris Saffron, Achieving carbon negative bioenergy systems from plant materials, 2020
David Shonnard, Olumide Winjobi, Daniel Kulas
Bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of plants has been shown to be suitable for use in boilers, co-fired with fossil fuels in power plants to provide heat and power, respectively. Red Arrow Products, USA, has used bio-oil to produce heat for over 10 years with bio-oil sprayed into a 5-MW cyclone burner through a steel nozzle and vaporized with air.32 Co-firing of bio-oil with natural gas was demonstrated in the Netherlands, by BTG with bio-oil constituting greater than 1% of the feed in a 350 MWe natural gas-fired power station with minimal retrofitting and high system reliability.33 However, bio-oil is not compatible to be used directly as a transportation fuel without making modifications to current vehicle engines and components. As shown in Table 1, there are several differences in the physical properties of bio-oil and crude oil that prevents bio-oil from being utilized directly as a transportation fuel. Bio-oil is highly oxygenated, resulting in lower energy density. It is also acidic and more unstable (suffers from aging) relative to fossil gasoline.
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust (Pinus patula) with subsequent bio-oil transesterification for biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Denzel Christopher Makepa, Chido Hermes Chihobo, Downmore Musademba
Bio-oil is corrosive because of its low pH value, and the oxygenated components in it make it reactive and unstable. Bio-oil transesterification has been shown to improve the bio-oil properties by converting the organic acids and oxygenated compounds in bio-oil to methyl esters, with a concentration of 510.05 mg/L. The properties of the biodiesel obtained were within the limits stipulated by EN 14214 (a European standard that describes the quality requirements and test methods for biodiesel). Converting bio-oil to biodiesel might be an alternative strategy for improved energy recovery because bio-oil is a complex product that needs further upgrading or distillation to separate distinct energy molecules. It is important to note that the bio-oil’s high fatty acid content increases its acidity, necessitating further upgrading for pH neutralization, which raises the cost overall. Thus, the post-upgrading stage might be avoided by converting bio-oil into biodiesel. However, the biochemicals in the bio-oil can be extracted by solvent extraction methods and they have many applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. MAP of pine sawdust has proved to be a viable waste-to-energy recovery method in the valorization of pine sawdust. It is noted that the pyrolysis of biomass can enhance global energy security and help in mitigating the negative effects of climate change.
Esterification of acetic acid in the presence of sulfated clinoptilolite: a model study of upgrading of pyrolysis bio-oil
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Lignocellulosic biomass can be used either directly as a fuel or indirectly via chemical, physical or biological conversion technologies. Biomass can be used more efficiently by using thermochemical conversion methods and converted into various high value-added chemicals and transportation fuels (Acikgoz and Kockar 2009). Torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification are well-known methods for the thermochemical conversion of biomass (Basu 2013; Ong et al. 2020). Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the suitable techniques in recent years. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass into smaller compounds in the 400–600°C temperature range in the absence of oxygen (Patel, Agrawal, and Rawal 2020). Recent studies show that pyrolysis has become an even more environmentally friendly technology using solar-powered thermochemical conversion systems (Weldekidan, Strezov, and Town 2018). Pyrolysis products can be divided into three groups: liquid products (also known as pyrolysis oil, bio-oil or pyrolysis liquid), solid products (also called charcoal or biochar) and gaseous products. Bio-oil is a mixture of organic compounds such as acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, etc. (Papari and Hawboldt 2018).
Characterization of the viscosity of bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis of the wheat straw
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Muhammad Rizwan Younis, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Imran, Ali Hussain Kazim, Aqsa Shabbir
Bio-oil is a liquid product of fast pyrolysis that results from thermal decomposition of natural organic feedstock (crop waste, municipal waste, and manure etc.) in an absence of oxygen. The bioliq® concept is a three-step conversion process for the production of 2nd generation drop-in biofuels from biomass waste such as e.g. wheat straw. First, biomass is converted by fast pyrolysis to yield energy dense biosyncrude, a mixture of bio-oil and char. This slurry is the feed for subsequent pressurized entrained flow gasification at 8 MPa to yield producer gas free of tars. The gas is finally converted by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to yield designer fuels. The given task is set in the first step, fast pyrolysis. This initial conversion is performed in a twin-screw mixing reactor at 500°C.