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Operating Wisely
Published in Carl Bozzuto, Boiler Operator's Handbook, 2021
All fluids have mass. Fuel oil normally weighs less than water. Natural gas weighs less than air but still has mass. They can all be treated the same way in general terms because what happens when they flow is about the same. Gas and air are a little more complicated because they are compressible (their volume changes with pressure). In practice, the relationship between flow and pressure drop is consistent regardless of the fluid. Flow metering using differential pressure is based on the Bernoulli principle. Bernoulli discovered the relationship between pressure drop and flow back in the 17th century. In order for air to flow from one spot to another, the pressure at spot one has to be higher than the pressure at spot two, like water flowing downhill. The higher the pressure differential, the faster a fluid will flow. Consider the wind. Small changes in atmospheric pressure cause the wind. It does not take a lot of difference in pressure to really get that air moving. Bernoulli discovered that the total pressure in the air does not change except for friction and that total pressure can be described as the sum of static pressure and velocity pressure.
Internal Combustion Engines
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
Most spark-ignition engines, or gasoline engines as it is more commonly known, run on a modified Otto cycle. The air-fuel ratio used in these engines is between 10/1 and 13/1. The compression ratios are in the range of 9–12 for most production vehicles. The compression ratio of the engine is limited by the octane rating of the engine. A high compression ratio may lead to auto-ignition of the air-fuel mixture during compression, which is absolutely undesirable in a spark-ignition engine. The spark-ignition engines have been originally developed by limiting the amount of air allowed into the engine using a carburetor placed in the path of air intake. The function of the carburetor is to draw the fuel by creating a vacuum following ‘Bernoulli’s principle’. However, fuel injection, which is used for diesel engines, is now common for gasoline engines with spark ignition instead of the carburetor. The control objective for fuel injection systems is to compute the mass flow rate of air into the engine at any instant of time and to mix the correct amount of gasoline with it, such that the air and fuel mixture is right for the engine running condition. In recent years, the requirements to meet the strict exhaust gas emission regulations have increased the demand for fuel injection systems.
Operating Wisely
Published in Kenneth E. Heselton, Boiler Operator’s Handbook, 2020
Flow metering using differential pressure is based on the Bernoulli principle. Bernoulli discovered the relationship between pressure drop and flow back in the seventeenth century and, since it’s a natural law of physics, we’ll continue to use it. In order for air to flow from one spot to another, the pressure at spot one has to be higher than the pressure at spot two. It’s the same as water flowing downhill. The higher the pressure differential the faster a fluid will flow. If you think about the small changes in atmospheric pressure causing the wind, you know it doesn’t take a lot of difference in pressure to really get that air moving. Bernoulli discovered the total pressure in the air doesn’t change except for friction and that total pressure can be described as the sum of static pressure and velocity pressure.
A comparison study on the removal of paraffin wax deposition plug by ultrasound treatment, chemical demulsifier and combination of ultrasound and chemical demulsifier
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2020
As can be seen from Figure 5, the effects of the removal in paraffin wax deposition plug after ultrasonic treatment get worse as the core initial gas logging permeability increased. The reason lies that physical state of paraffin wax after ultrasonic treatment is fluid rather than solid particles. The diameter of core pore increases as the core initial permeability rise. According to the Bernoulli’s Principle, the pressure of the fluid is inversely proportional to the velocity of the fluid when total energy of the moving fluid remains constant. Namely, the flow velocity of paraffin wax after ultrasonic treatment decrease as the core pore diameter increased. secondary paraffin wax deposition plug easily occurs when its flow velocity decreases. Such results provide an important evidence for the field operation of near wellbore zone ultrasonic treatment technique
Dewatering of Copper Flotation Tailings: Effect of Feed Dilution on the Thickener Performance
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2019
Mohammad Reza Garmsiri, Ataollah Nosrati
Bernoulli principle, which is widely used in fluid mechanics, reveals the relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation of a flowing fluid. Using Bernoulli equation (White 2016) to assess the performance of an eductor by considering points (A) and (B) in its pipe and nozzle (Figure 1), Eq. (11) is obtained:
Optimal configuration and energy management for combined solar chimney, solid oxide electrolysis, and fuel cell: a case study in Iran
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Xi Fei, Ruan Xuejun, Navid Razmjooy
Bernoulli’s principle is about how the speed of a fluid relates to the pressure of the fluid. This relation is reversed, i.e. with increasing the speed of the fluid, the pressure and the potential energy of the fluid will be decreased.