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Tests on Naturally Voided Body Fluids
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
GC/mass spectrometry is used to screen urine samples for drugs such as cocaine, marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]), amphetamines, and the opiates codeine and morphine. Cocaine use is detected by measuring the concentration of the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine (BZG), in urine. BZG concentration in the urine reaches a maximum from 4 to 10 hours after cocaine use, and persists for 2 to 3 days. After the peak, the BZG concentration decays with a T1/2 of ∼6 hours thereafter. The THC metabolite in urine is 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC. When a marijuana cigarette containing ∼33.8 mg of THC was smoked, the peak concentration of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC appeared at a mean time of 13.5 hours. The peak concentrations ranged from 29.9 to 355.2 ng/mL (153.5 ng/mL mean) for six individuals. Many over-the-counter drugs give positive urine tests for amphetamines; these include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine (for sinuses), l-methamphetamine (in Vick's inhaler), and phenylpropanolamine. However, they can be separated from amphetamine and d-methamphetamine by correctly executed GC/MS tests. The opiates codeine and morphine appear in the urine as morphine. Eating foods with poppy seeds can also produce morphine in the urine (they contain morphine). As much as 10 μg/mL morphine has been measured in the urine after a subject ate food with poppy seeds (Thevis et al. 2003).
Thin-Layer Chromatography in Forensic Toxicology
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Screening for cocaine abuse is usually based on the detection of its metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE) in urine, the cut-off concentration of immunoassays being generally 0.3 μg/ml. Sherma et al.126 reported a method for the screening of BE in 5 ml urine specimens at 0.2 μg/ml, using cyclodextrin solid phase extraction and high performance TLC with a preadsorbent area. Spraying with Dragen-dorff’s reagent followed by sulfuric acid visualized BE as a narrow orange zone. The recovery was approximately 50%, as measured by densitometry.
Understanding Wastewater Analysis
Published in Jeremy Prichard, Wayne Hall, Paul Kirkbride, Jake O’Brien, Wastewater Analysis for Substance Abuse Monitoring and Policy Development, 2020
Jeremy Prichard, Wayne Hall, Paul Kirkbride, Jake O’Brien
Among the major illicit drugs, cocaine has proven to be the simplest for WWA scientists to monitor (Khan and Nicell, 2011). Its biomarkers are the parent compound (cocaine) and a metabolite, benzoylecgonine, which is uniquely produced by the human body when excreting cocaine (see further 2.2.1). There is good confidence also in the WWA field about the standard approaches for monitoring MDMA consumption (see Kasprzyk-Hordern and Baker 2012). Similarly, few problems are reported in measuring LSD or ketamine.
Trends in the use of psychoactive substances by truck drivers in São Paulo State, Brazil: A time-series cross sectional roadside survey (2009–2016)
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Vilma Leyton, Henrique Silva Bombana, Juliana Gallottini Magalhães, Helena Nascimento Panizza, Daniele Mayumi Sinagawa, Juliana Takitane, Heraclito Barbosa de Carvalho, Gabriel Andreuccetti, Mauricio Yonamine, Hallvard Gjerde, Daniel Romero Muñoz
With this work, we were able to verify that truck drivers are still consuming stimulants to be able to withstand their exhausting work journeys. The overall prevalence was 7.8% and benzoylecgonine was the most frequently detected substance, indicating the consumption of cocaine. However, only amphetamine presented a statistically significant difference throughout the 8 years of study. This change in substances was most likely caused by changes in legislation regarding appetite suppressants, which contain substances that are metabolized into amphetamine.