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Lubricated Tribology of Lightweight MMCs
Published in Suneev Anil Bansal, Virat Khanna, Pallav Gupta, Metal Matrix Composites, 2023
Harpreet Singh, Hiralal Bhowmick
The base oils can be categorized into three generic classes (mineral oil, synthetic oil, bio oil). Below is the list of various oils, compiled based on the literature review on the lubricant formulation and tribological investigation (Srivyas & Charoo, 2018). In most cases, synthetic oils are generally superior to mineral oil. Mineral motor oil, on the other hand, is developed directly from crude oil. For high-temperature applications, these are superior in terms of lubricity and stability over long periods of time. As per the API classification, group IV oils are primarily referred to poly alpha olefin (PAO) synthetic oil. Some of the merits of these oils over mineral oil include higher viscosity index and oxidation stability, superiority in low- and high-temperature performance, and lower volatility. However, these synthetic lubricants are not recommended when additive solubility, lubricity, and film strength are of prime importance. They are also more costly than the mineral oils (Tables 9.7 and 9.8).
Ionic Liquids as a Potential Sustainable Green Lubricant for Machining in the Era of Industry 4.0
Published in Kishor Kumar Gajrani, Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Advances in Sustainable Machining and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
MWFs are liquid compounds that are supplied between tool and workpiece interface during machining with an overall aim to enhance productivity by colling and/or lubrication. As per the DIN-51385 standard, the processing fluids (MWFs) may be classified into two types as per their formulation, that is, oil-based and water-based. Generally, the base oil may be derived from mineral oil or synthetic oil or be biobased (vegetable oil). The selection of any particular MWF is critical and depends on various factors, such as the nature of the machining process, the properties of the tool and workpiece material, and others. For instance, water-based MWFs are suitable when the prime objective is to dissipate the heat generated while oil-based MWFs are most appropriate when lubrication between tool and workpiece interface is the prime motive. The bulk of the MWFs properties depends on the base fluid and generally base fluids on their own are not sufficient to meet the dynamic demanding condition of machining. To enhance the machining performance, several chemical compounds (additives) are added to the base fluid, such as corrosion inhibitors, anti-weld agents, friction modifiers, extreme pressure emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, odorant, fragrances, and others. Figure 8.1 gives the classification of MWFs based on their composition as per DIN-51385 and common additive groups used in formulating these MWFs.
Introduction to Refining Processes
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
The manufacture of base stocks for lubricating oil production is an essential part of modern refining. In the past four decades, the majority of the expansion of lubricating oil production is being achieved by production using catalytic hydroprocessing (hydrocracking and hydroisomerization) because of the demand for higher-quality lube base oils. Base oils are sub-divided into a number of categories: Groups I, II, III, and IV. Group I base oils are typically conventional solvent-refined products. Groups II and III were added to lubricant classifications in the early 1990s to represent low sulfur, low aromatic, and high viscosity index (VI) lubricants with good oxidative stability and soot handling. The reduction of wax content in the lubricants also improves the operating range and engine, low-temperature performance via improved pour and cloud point. The first catalytic based plants were introduced in the 1980s but at that time, the catalytic route only produced conventional base oil (Group I). In the 1990s, hydroisomerization was introduced to produce base oils with higher stability. Hydroisomerization has propagated such that a considerable amount of lube base oils is produced in this manner.
Removal of metals from flat lubricating oils using a fabricated packed-bed reactor
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
F. M. Adebiyi, A. F. Adeyemi, O. A. Koya
Motor oil used in automobile engines picks up a number of debris from engine wear viz; metals, sulphur, water, dirt, combustion products, such as ash, and carbon residue. Due to the existence of degraded additives and the above-mentioned contaminants, used motor oil disposal can be more environmentally harmful than crude oil pollution. The amount of lubricating oils annually generated worldwide is enormous and is increasing due to increase in automobiles. The large amount of waste engine oils has significant socio-economic and environmental impacts on the society. If discharged onto the land, water or even burnt as a low grade fuel, it may cause severe ecological pollution because harmful metals and other persistent organic and inorganic pollutants are released into the ecosystems (Reis and Jeronimo 1988). These additives and contaminants may develop both short-term and long-term adverse effects. Since the base oil does not degrade, used automotive oils have the possibility to be recycled without harm and productively, saving energy and evading environmental pollution (Kajdas 2000; Boughton and Horvath 2004). The conventional procedures of recycling used lubricating oil may necessitate a high-cost technology like vacuum distillation or the usage of toxic materials such as sulphuric acid. Similarly, nauseating contaminating by-products which have high sulphur levels may be generated (Puerto-Ferre and Kajdas 1994; Dang 1997; Martins 1997; Rincon et al. 2003; Rincon, Canizares, and Garcia 2005; Shakirullah et al. 2006; Fox 2007; Ihsan, Talal, and Sardasht 2013).
Synthesis and performance evaluation of vegetable oil polymer as a multifunctional lube oil additive
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Sujit Talukdar, Mahua Upadhyay, Pranab Ghosh
Engine oil is basically a combination of base oil and additives. Additives are chemical compounds necessary to provide performance beyond what base oils alone are able to offer. Base oils can be considered as a carrier for the additive.The manufacturer of many different oils can utilize the same base stock for each formulation and can choose different additives for each specific application. Nearly all commercial motor oils contain additives, whether the oils are synthetic or petroleum based. Oil additives are vital for the proper lubrication and prolonged use of motor oil in modern internal combustion engines. Without many of these, the oil would become contaminated, break down, leak out, or not properly protect engine parts at all operating temperatures.
Management of waste lubricant oil in Europe: A circular economy approach
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Carolina T. Pinheiro, Margarida J. Quina, Licínio M. Gando-Ferreira
Virgin lubricants are a blend of base oil and additives added to adjust the properties to meet specifications and desired service life (Rudnick, 2013). The base oil is typically defined as oil from refining crude oil (mineral base oil) or obtained by chemical synthesis (synthetic base oil) with a boiling point range between 300 °C and 565 °C, consisting of hydrocarbons from C18 to C40 (Speight & Exall, 2014).