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List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Barium chloride is grouped by the IARC and the NTP as A4, meaning not classifiable as a human carcinogen. However, barium chromate (VI) is the only barium compound for which there is sufficient evidence that it is a human carcinogen.
Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx from flue gas by wet scrubbing using a urea solution
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Ge Li, Baodong Wang, Wayne Qiang Xu, Yonglong Li, Yifan Han, Qi Sun
During the experiment, desulfurization and denitrification products were analyzed according to Chinese standard methods[]. The specific method is that is determined by Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry; is determined by N-(naphthyl)-ethylenediamine spectrophotometry; is determined by phenol disulfonic acid spectrophotometry and UV spectrophotometry; is determined by barium chromate spectrophotometry; is determined by iodometric method and barium chromate spectrophotometry. All of the concentrations mentioned above were recorded with a UV spectrophotometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu, Japan) using barium sulfate as the base material and a scanning range of 185–3300 nm. During the experiment, all reagents and absorbers were prepared with deionized water.
Reduction in lead exposures with lead-free ammunition in an advanced urban assault course
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Alice K. Weber, Desmond I. Bannon, Joseph H. Abraham, Rachel B. Seymour, Patricia H. Passman, Paul H. Lilley, Kimberly K. Parks, Geoffrey Braybrooke, Nathan D. Cook, Arthur L. Belden
This work identified flash bang grenades as another important source for Pb exposure during training, in addition to small arms ammunition. Like many small arms ammunition types, flash bang grenades contain Pb in the primer mixture. Training flash bang grenades were found to be an improvement; however, live devices are preferred by instructors because the training flash bang grenades generate muted flash and sound effects, and they lack the desired “train as you fight” impact. The delay fuses associated with flash bang devices likely also contain barium chromate, another potential hazardous exposure (Koenig et al. 2020). Hexavalent chromium, found in barium chromate, is a known human carcinogen, for which the TLV was revised to 0.0002 mg/m3 in 2018.
DNA methylation modifications induced by hexavalent chromium
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2019
Xinnian Guo, Lingfang Feng, Bernardo Lemos, Jianlin Lou
In addition to the population studies mentioned above, a series of in vitro studies have also shown that Cr (VI) induced aberrant methylation in specific genes. For example, Hu et al. have examined DNA methylation modifications after treating human bronchial epithelial cells with 0–20 μM potassium dichromate, which showed hypermethylation of p16 gene and accordingly reduced expression of p16 gene. No change of DNA methylation was found in TP53 gene, although TP53 gene expression increased after treatment of hexavalent chromium at the concentration higher than 5 μM. The results showed that CpG1 methylation levels of p16 gene were directly proportional to cell damage, indicating that CpG methylation of p16 gene could be used as a marker of chromium exposure.52 Our previous study examined the effects of soluble and particulate chromate on genome-wide DNA methylation in human B lymphoblastic cells using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450 K BeadChip array. We identified two sets of about 40 differentially methylated CpG sites induced by potassium dichromate and lead chromate, with 15 CpG sites shared by both treatments. The results of mRNA expression showed that after Cr (VI) treatment, mRNA expression changes of four genes (TBL1Y, FZD5, IKZF2, and KIAA1949) were consistent with their DNA methylation alteration. We found that both soluble and insoluble chromate could decrease the methylation levels of TBL1Y, FZD5, and IKZF2 genes followed by reduced mRNA expression of these genes.53 Another study investigated the effects of soluble and insoluble chromate on gpt gene in vitro (V79-derived, mammalian cell line (G12)) system. They found that insoluble barium chromate induced significant level of mutations in these cells but did not cause DNA methylation changes, but potassium chromate salts could induce aberrant DNA methylation followed by gpt gene silencing in this system, and all epigenetically silenced variants examined to date could be reactivated by 5-azacytidine to re-express the transgene.55