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Emergence of Nanovesicular Systems for Topical Delivery of Natural Bioactives
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare, Eliana B. Souto, NanoAgroceuticals & NanoPhytoChemicals, 2018
Gajanand Sharma, Kanika Thakur, Akanksha Mahajan, Guneet Singh Randhawa, Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare
Apigenin, a flavonoid, possesses varied pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anticancer effects (Patel et al., 2007; Tong et al., 2007). Attempts have also been made for topical delivery of apigenin by developing binary ethosomes, consisting of ethanol and propylene glycol (Shen et al., 2014). The optimized ethosomes revealed superior skin targeting potential during their in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. In addition, ethosomes demonstrated the greatest effect on reduction of cyclooxygenase-2 levels in mouse skin inflammation. The study reported the potential advantages of apigenin-loaded ethosomes as a therapeutic approach for the management of skin inflammations (Shen et al., 2014).
Photoactive Nanoparticles of Plant Origin in Cancer Treatment
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Rahul Chandran, Blassan P. George, Heidi Abrahamse
6-Shogaol is a compound isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) that significantly inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells (NCI-H1650). The study showed a direct targeting of Akt1 and Akt2 and suppression of their actions (Saha et al., 2014). Another such compound is allicin from Allium sativum, a sulphur-containing compound responsible for inhibiting cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (Chen et al., 2018). Reportedly, this compound reduced the STAT3 signalling pathway, resulting in declined levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Andrographolide is a terpenoid isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) that inhibits hypoxic conditions required for tumour growth (Li et al., 2015). Apigenin, found in fruits and vegetables, is flavonoid that possesses diverse anticancer properties including induction of apoptosis (Yan et al., 2018). This compound regulated the Bcl-2 protein and activated caspases that induces breast cancer cell-cycle arrest at G2/M (Yan et al., 2018). Baicalin and baicalein are anticancer compounds from Scutellaria baicalensis (Lamiaceae) that suppressed extracellular receptor kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and p38 signalling pathways to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells (Dou et al., 2018). Plants from the Cucurbitaceae family produce well known alkaloid curcumin, which has been highly studied for its cell-death-inducing ability through autophagy, cell-cycle arrest, and down-regulation of the essential cell-survival and cell-death pathways like AKT/PI3K/mTOR (Zhao et al., 2016). Other phytochemicals and their role in cancer prevention are mentioned in Table 19.1. Many of these and other phytochemicals do wonders in cancer chemotherapy in the clinical phase. Vinca alkaloids from Vinca rosea, paclitaxel from Taxus sp., camptothecin from Campotheca acuminata are a few notable plant-derived compounds that have received wide acceptance in research and cancer treatment.
Encapsulation of antioxidant compounds in biopolymer micelles
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Jolanta Pulit-Prociak, Małgorzata Kabat, Ewelina Węgrzyn, Michał Zielina, Marcin Banach
Paini et al. (2015) conducted research on the possibility of apigenin encapsulation in liposome micelles. Apigenin is an active polyphenolic compound that has a large activity against tumors and cardiovascular disorders. However, it is defined by its low stability and poor bioavailability. The authors used lecithin as the liposome shell that traps the active substance and the whole system is thus more resistant to mechanical treatment. The encapsulation efficiency reached 98% and the average size of micelles was around 160 nm. It was observed that the process parameters, such as the sonication amplitude and time, are crucial in controlling the properties of the products.
Determination of biological activity of Carduus lanuginosus: an endemic plant in Turkey
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
The total antioxidant activity and phenolic contents were evaluated as gallic acid (GAE) while flavonoid contents gave as quercetin equivalents (QE) (Table 1). The water extract of C. lanuginosus had the highest total antioxidant activity (636.84 mg GAE/g extract), while the ethyl acetate extract of the plant was found to have the highest phenolic content (380.61 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid content (143.05 mg QE/g extract). The phenolic components of C. lanuginosus methanol extract were characterized by using RP-HPLC. According to the results, methanol extract included high amounts of chlorogenic acid (4200 µg/g extract), apigenin (500 µg/g extract), luteolin (300 µg/g extract), and ferulic acid (200 µg/g extract) (Table 2). Chlorogenic acid, apigenin, and luteolin were detected in various Carduus species (C. pycnocephalus, C. nutans subsp. macrocephalus, C. cephalanthus, C. argyroa,) previously (Marengo et al. 2017). Chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, and luteolin were found to be the main compounds in C. rhodopaeus, C. thracicus, C. armatus, and C. candicans (Dimitrova-Dyulgerova et al. 2015). Many researchers examined the multiple bioactivity of isolated flavonoids. In several studies, it was shown that the chlorogenic acid exhibits very valuable actions such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant (Yun et al. 2012), lipid and glucose metabolism (Zhang et al. 2011), hepato-protective (Hemmerle et al. 1997), and anti-hypertensive effects (Zhao et al. 2012). Similarly, the luteolin has various biological activities including well-known anti-mutagenic and anti-tumorigenic (Ross and Kasum 2002), antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Seelinger et al. 2008). Although the luteolin is moderately effective in simple standard in vitro tests, it may exhibit surprisingly high efficiency in more complex analyses such as cellular or in vivo studies (Seelinger et al. 2008). Apigenin has many beneficial effects including the hypotension, hypoglycemia, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-osteoporosis, anti-tumor effect, biological organ protection, lipid-lowering effect, and immune regulation (Zhou et al. 2017).
Apigenin attenuates tetrabromobisphenol A-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal SK-N-MC cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Eun Mi Choi, So Young Park, Kwang Sik Suh, Suk Chon
Dietary polyphenolic flavonoids have been shown to have neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation, which are major hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases.[14] Thus, flavonoids may be used as therapeutic biocompounds in neurodegenerative diseases. Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavone categorized as a natural flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables and among the most studied phenolics. Apigenin is primarily present in glycosylated form in vegetables, fruits, and herbs.[15] Apigenin enhances the ability of antioxidant enzymes to counteract cellular oxidative stress. Additionally, it enhances the expression of phase II enzyme-encoding genes by blocking the NADPH oxidase complex and their downstream target inflammatory genes and increasing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2).[16,17] Apigenin mitigated Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-associated memory deficiency, decreased amyloid-beta plaque burden, and suppressed oxidative damage in a transgenic animal model.[18,19] Balez et al.[20] reported that apigenin reduced neuronal hyperexcitability and apoptosis and inhibited the activation of cytokines and nitric oxide production, protecting neurons from inflammation-induced stress and neurite retraction. Apigenin treatment helped recover rat neuronal function after spinal cord injury, which was associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.[21] Apigenin modulates the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators to reduce the human insulin amyloid-induced oxidant damages in SK-N-MC cells.[22] Our previous study reported that apigenin attenuates reducing-sugar-induced damage in pancreatic β-cells via oxidative stress-related signaling.[23] However, few studies have investigated the effect of apigenin on TBBPA-induced toxicity in neurons. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of apigenin in TBBPA-induced cytotoxicity and explored its underlying mechanism of action.