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Phyto constituent-Centered Byproducts and Nanomedicines as Leishmanicidal Scavengers
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Sabya Sachi Das, P. R. P. Verma, Sandeep Kumar Singh
The drugs comprising antimony (pentavalent antimonials) as a principal component are primarily the drugs of choice as anti-leishmanial drugs (ALD) for first line cure of Leishmaniasis where confrontation has not been stated (Singh et al., 2006). These comprise of the generic sodium stibogluconate (pentostam, Figure 5.3), the branded meglumine antimoniate, which is been in practice for over five decades. Unfortunately, the Leishmania protozoal parasites have been progressively developed the resistance to these pentavalent antimonial drugs and hence this raised a question for their usage in disease-endemic extents (Maltezou, 2010). Since, these antimonials are directed intravenously (I.V) or intramuscularly (I.M), they are not suitable for patients. They are also concomitant with adverse reactions, which include biochemical pancreatitis, elevation in serum aminotransferases level, and electro-cardiographic oddities (Polonio and Efferth, 2010).
Sulphide Ores
Published in Earle A. Ripley, E. Robert Redmann, Adèle A. Crowder, Tara C. Ariano, Catherine A. Corrigan, Robert J. Farmer, L. Moira Jackson, Environmental Effects of Mining, 2018
A. Ripley Earle, Robert E. Redmann, Adèle A. Crowder, Tara C. Ariano, Catherine A. Corrigan, Robert J. Farmer, Earle A. Ripley, E. Robert Redmann, Adèle A. Crowder, Tara C. Ariano, Catherine A. Corrigan, Robert J. Farmer, L. Moira Jackson
As well as in sulphides, antimony also occurs in various sulphosalt minerals of varying composition, such as tetrahedrite, with silver replacing copper and arsenic replacing antimony. Deposits of antimony are found in the Yukon Territory, British Columbia, Québec, and the Atlantic provinces (Lymbumer 1973). The main ore, stibnite, is frequently associated with lead ores and may also contain small amounts of gold and silver. North America’s only primary antimony mine, at Lake George, New Brunswick, was closed at the beginning of 1990 because of unfavorable market conditions. As a result, almost all of Canada’s production in 1992 came as a by-product of the smelting of lead ores at Trail, British Columbia, and Belledune, New Brunswick (EMR 1993a; NRCan 1994). The Trail operation produces antimonial lead, which contains 10%–21% antimony and 1% arsenic, by reduction of silver refinery dust and slag; Belledune produces antimony slag, which may be further refined on-site or by a secondary lead smelter to produce antimonial lead (EMR 1992).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Antimony is a silvery-white metal found in the earth’s crust. It is insoluble in hot or cold water, but soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid and hot nitric acid, and reacts with oxidizing acids and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, or bromine). It does not react with water at room temperature, but will ignite and burn in air at higher temperatures. Ores of antimony are mined and later mixed with other metals to form antimony alloys, which are used in lead storage batteries, solder, sheet and pipe metal, bearings, castings, and pewter. Antimony oxide is added to textiles and plastics to prevent them from catching fire. It is also used in paints, ceramics, and fireworks, and as enamels for plastics, metal, and glass. Antimony is alloyed with other metals, such as lead, to increase its hardness and strength; its primary use is in antimonial lead, which is used in grid metal for lead acid storage batteries. Antimony salts are used in the treatment of leish-maniasis and schistosomiasis.
A review of the technologies for antimony recovery from refractory ores and metallurgical residues
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Hongbin Ling, Annelies Malfliet, Bart Blanpain, Muxing Guo
Henckens et al. proposed three approaches to tackle the Sb supply challenge and reduce the mining of primary minerals, including the substitution of Sb in its end-uses by other alternatives, improvement of material efficiency, and enhancement of recycling (Henckens, Driessen, and Worrell 2016). Since the recycling of the main end-of-life Sb products (i.e. flame retardant in plastics) is impractical due to their dispersed uses and low Sb concentration (Filella et al. 2020), the enhancement of recycling of other Sb-containing wastes (e.g. PET catalyst and spent LA batteries) will be helpful to address the Sb supply challenge. For instance, Sb-containing catalyst residues from recycled PET can be reused as input materials for the new PET production (Richard et al. 1992). The recycling of PET is well-established (Park and Kim 2014), and recycled PET fiber accounts for about 8% of global PET fiber production (Henckens, Driessen, and Worrell 2016). Recycling spent LA batteries and other Sb scrap materials has been the main Sb recovery option for end-of-life products (Butterman 1988; USGS 2022; Roskill Consulting Group Limited, 2018). According to the U.S. geological survey, approximately 15% of the domestic Sb consumption was provided from the recycling of LA batteries in 2021. These recycled antimony scraps are refined at lead smelters into the antimonial lead, most of which, in turn, are utilized for LA batteries production. Roskill predicted that the recovered antimony from spent LA batteries would sufficiently meet metallurgical demand in the foreseeable future (Roskill Consulting Group Limited, 2018). By then, the mined antimony can be entirely used for non-metallurgical production, particularly flame retardants.
Process flowsheet development for selective arsenic removal, lead and antimony recovery from lead softening slag
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
Hongbin Ling, Matteo Perin, Bart Blanpain, Muxing Guo, Annelies Malfliet
The dominant commercial Sb compound is antimony trioxide, a prominent additive for halogenated flame retardants in plastics and textiles (Dupont et al. 2016). On the other hand, antimonial lead (lead alloys containing 1–10 wt% Sb) is widely used in wheel weights, bullets, sheet lead, storage-battery plates, and tank linings, owing to its robust strength and durability (USGS 2022). It is therefore of interest to recover Pb and Sb as antimonial lead and antimony trioxide, respectively.