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Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Cultural controls. Avoid late summer and early fall fertility that may lead to lush growth during cool, wet weather or under snow cover. Avoid excess spring N when Microdochium patch is a problem. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate may aid in reducing soil pH and disease occurrence. Soil pH should be maintained below 7.0. Increase soil K in late fall to increase turf cold hardiness and to suppress the disease. Poor drainage and long leaf blades that mat down produce high humidity that favors disease development. Reduce shade and improve soil aeration and drainage. Remove tree leaves as the disease often develops under these, remaining on the turf for long periods during cold, wet weather. Use snow fences or plant landscape plants adjacent to golf greens to prevent excess snow accumulation. Avoid compaction during winter by preventing skiers and snowmobiles from being on greens and tees. If covers are used on greens for insulation, treat with a fungicide prior to installation of the covers.
Postcombustion NOx Control
Published in David A. Lewandowski, Design of Thermal Oxidation Systems for Volatile Organic Compounds, 2017
As discussed in previous chapters of this book, VOC compounds containing a halogen or sulfur atom can produce acid gases in a thermal oxidation system. Their potentially corrosive effect on refractory and metals has also been described earlier. They can also be problematic with SNCR systems. When sulfur is present, both ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 and ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4) can form. Both salts are brownish gray to white in color and soluble in water. Ammonium bisulfate is a sticky substance that can form deposits on lower temperature sections of heat exchangers or waste heat boiler components. It causes rapid corrosion of metals as well as fouling and plugging. Ammonium sulfate is not corrosive, but its formation contributes to fouling and plugging and increased particulate emissions.
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur in Water Pollution
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
Agricultural applications comprise the largest percentage of the world’s sulfur consumption. Thus, about 40% of the production of sulfur (about 27 million tons in 1967) is used to make fertilizers—superphosphate and ammonium sulfate—and another 20% is used to manufacture insecticides and fungicides. Superphosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) is the solubilized form of the naturally occuring mineral apatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH), converted thereto by sulfuric acid. Ammonium sulfate is prepared by reaction of sulfuric acid with ammonia. The agricultural applications (fertilizers, insecticides, and fungicides), of course, provide an immediate path to water pollution through runoff.
Selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 at low temperature over manganese oxide catalysts supported on titanate nanotubes
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
R. Camposeco, S. Castillo, V. Rodríguez-González, Luz A. García-Serrano, Isidro Mejía-Centeno
It has been proposed (Peña et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2017; Zhang et al. 2017) that SO2, instead of NH3, is adsorbed preferentially on the active sites of the catalysts. SO2 adsorbed can be oxidized to SO3, which in presence of water it can form H2SO4 (Zhang et al., 2017). Sulfuric acid reacts further with ammonia to produce ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate. The deposition of these salts on the surface of the support is the primary cause for the deactivation of the catalysts at low temperature (Zhang et al., 2017).