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Phosphorene Multigate Field-Effect Transistors for High-Frequency Applications
Published in Ashish Raman, Deep Shekhar, Naveen Kumar, Sub-Micron Semiconductor Devices, 2022
Ramesh Rathinam, Adhithan Pon, Arkaprava Bhattacharyya
BP is different from other group 15 crystals; it is more stable at room temperature and pressure among other allotropes of phosphorus. BP has an orthorhombic crystal structure with eight atoms per unit cell and each atom is covalently connected to three adjacent phosphorus atoms. The lattice parameters and bond angels are shown in Figure 21.1.
Black Phosphorus
Published in Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi, Santosh Kumar, Yadvendra Singh, 2D Materials for Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Sensors, 2021
Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi, Santosh Kumar, Yadvendra Singh
BP crystals are not a recent discovery; they were discovered in 1914. Synthesis of BP from white phosphorus (Bridgman 1914) was first demonstrated by Percy Bridgman. Bridgman, in his experiment to study the impact of high pressure on white phosphorus (Xu et al. 2019b), observed that there was a phase transition that led to the conclusion of the new allotrope, which was named “black phosphorus.” The x-ray revealed that BP crystals were an orthorhombic formation (Hultgren, Gingrich, and Warren 1935). The 2D-layered structure of BP was the most stable among the allotropes of phosphorus at high temperatures and under high pressure. Properties such as high carrier mobility, tunable narrow/direct band gaps, photothermal property, large specific surface area, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and many interesting in-layer anisotropies have drawn considerable interest for applications such as oxygen evolution, storage and energy conversion, photocatalytic hydrogenation, optoelectronics, electronics, and others.
Structure, Phonons, and Defects
Published in Yongqing Cai, Gang Zhang, Yong-Wei Zhang, Phosphorene, 2019
Yongqing Cai, Gang Zhang, Yong-Wei Zhang
To reduce the strain energy, PNTs with faceted wall using a variety of stable planar phases of phosphorus allotropes were proposed.32 Structures of AC and ZZ PNTs constructed from α-P, β-P, γ -P, and δ-P allotropes of phosphorus are plotted in Fig. 3.7. As the lattice deformation at the faceted wall is minimized, the faceted PNTs are much more stable than the above-mentioned PNTs built from phosphorene. The faceted PNTs can be even stable up to 1000 K.
Detection of CNX cyanogen halides (X = F, Cl) on metal-free defective phosphorene sensor: periodic DFT calculations
Published in Molecular Physics, 2021
Mahdi Ghadiri, Mehdi Ghambarian, Mohammad Ghashghaee
Pristine back phosphorus (BP) is more stable than the other allotropes of phosphorus. Therefore, the knowledge of this material needs to be fortified. The presence of defects can alter the electronic properties of the 2D materials, such as BP, for the desired purpose. For instance, we have recently shown that the defect engineering of BP would be highly beneficial for the detection of toxic phosgene molecules [8]. Having this background, we have focused on the detection capabilities of the vacancy-doped phosphorene layer (DP) toward CNF and CNCl. We report considerable sensitivity to these volatile compounds. The energetic and electronic properties of the defective monolayer to detect the trace levels of the cyanogen halides were also investigated. To our knowledge, no investigation has explored the problem at hand.
Magnetic phase transitions of phosphorene-like nano-structure: Monte Carlo study
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2021
T. Sahdane, S. Mtougui, F. Goumrhar, N. Mamouni, E. Salmani, H. Ez-Zahraouy, A. Benyoussef, O. Mounkachi
The phosphorene is one of the four familiar allotropes of phosphorus, characterised by semiconducting properties and being the most stable at room temperature [1,2]. This 2D material is defined as a single atomic layer of black phosphorus (BP) [3]. Also, phosphorus (P) is one of the most abundant elements preserved on the earth. The phosphorene has been first fabricated by mechanical exfoliation in 2014. During the last decade, it has become the new trend of scientific research. It has attracted a lot of attention because of its scheming structures and its fascinating electronic and magnetic properties. From a structural viewpoint, this compound is characterised by its different derivatives: monolayer, nanoribbons, nanotubes, fullerenes, and also van der Waals heterostructures (where other 2D materials are stacked with phosphorene) [4,5]. The phosphorene layer has a pleated honeycomb structure similar to graphene where each P atom is linked to three other P atoms [6]. Among its remarkable properties, widely tuneable band gap, strong anisotropies, and high charge carrier mobility (µ = 3,001,000 cm2 V−1 s−1) [7], etc. Ameen et al. [8] have reported that the band gap of single-layer phosphorene has been calculated experimentally and found to be equal to 1.45 eV which is largely higher than that of the bulk of black phosphorus value 0.31–0.36 eV. In the same context, Qiao et al. [9] quoted that this value for monolayer phosphorene is around 1.51 eV. Liu et al. [10] have also found that the forbidden band of phosphorene depends appreciably on the number of layers 1, 0.65, 0.5 eV and 0.45 for 1, 2, 3 and 4 layers, respectively. The phosphorene is a p-type semiconducting material, which has a direct band gap even in multi-layer. Zhang et al. [11] have communicated that when the monolayer is cut into nanoribbons, the zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons (ZPNRs) become metallic whereas, the armchair phosphorene nanoribbons (APNRs) remain semiconducting but show an indirect band gap, these behaviours were confirmed also by Guo et al. [12]. When passivating the edge phosphorus atoms by hydrogen atoms, the band gaps of H-saturated APNRs become direct, furthermore, a transition from metal to indirect band gap semiconductor is observed for ZPNRs [13].