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Pulp and Paper Wastewater
Published in Arun Kumar, Jay Shankar Singh, Microalgae in Waste Water Remediation, 2021
Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) are chlorinated organic compounds that are synthesized as a result of the reaction of residual lignin from wood fibers with chlorine/chlorine compounds that are used in the bleaching process. Some common AOX are chlorinated benzenes, phenols, chlorophenols, dioxins, dibenzofurans, chloroform, carbon tetra chloride, epoxystearic acid and dichloromethane.
Advances in nutrient management make it possible to accelerate biogas production and thus improve the economy of food waste processing
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Josef Maroušek, Otakar Strunecký, Ladislav Kolář, Marek Vochozka, Marek Kopecký, Anna Maroušková, Jana Batt, Miloš Poliak, Miloslav Šoch, Petr Bartoš, Tomáš Klieštik, Martin Filip, Petr Konvalina, Jan Moudrý, Jiří Peterka, Karel Suchý, Tomáš Zoubek, Edmond Cera
A total of 80 samples of FW were collected (České Budějovice, Czech Republic) throughout the whole year of 2019, equally from each category: school canteen (145 students from 7 to 16 years, average expenditure 1.34 € per portion), inexpensive restaurants (average expenditure per customer 4.25 €), luxury restaurants (average expenditure per customer 32.1 €), and author´s kitchens (average estimated portion price 3.5 €). After transportation to laboratory, each sample (1 kg) was homogenized via a kitchen mixer and frozen at –18°C until analysis. Feedstock that routinely enters the biogas station (50% of maize silage, 40% haylage, and 10% of fresh manure, all in fresh weight) was sampled shortly before testing. Dry weight was analyzed via heating at 105°C for 24 h that was followed by and weighting at room temperature whereas all the process was repeated until the deviation was lower than 1%. The content of hemicelluloses was calculated from a difference between the values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Lignin was calculated from ADF by subtracting the result after lignin oxidation with potassium permanganate. Because ADF contains lignin, cellulose, and mineral fraction, it was possible to determine the cellulose content by ashing the residue in a muffle furnace and by determination of mineral fraction. Fat was determined using the Soxhlet extractor and hexane of analytical grade according to Maroušek et al. (2013). A labile pool of carbon (LPC) was analyzed using the acid hydrolysis method (sulfur acid) in modification by Shirato and Yokozawa (2006), using the automatic high-sensitive nitrogen and carbon analyzer (NC-90A, Shimadzu). Starch was detected using the method of Caprita and Caprita (2016). Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total organic nitrogen (TOC), Kjeldahl nitrogen (KN), and hot-water extractable nitrogen (HWN) were determined as stated in Maroušek et al. (2014). The sum of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and V; ∑HM); the sum of benzene, toluene, and xylene isomers (∑BTEX); the sum of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (∑PAH); adsorbable organic halides (∑AOH); the sum of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds that contain 10 up to 40 carbon atoms (∑C10–C40) and the sum of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (∑PCB) were carried out according to Vochozka et al. (2016).