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Solvent Extraction of Pentachlorophenol Associated with Humic Acids
Published in Gregory D. Boardman, Hazardous and Industrial Wastes, 2022
Cynthia E. Crane, John T. Novak
All experiments were conducted using solutions of humic acids extracted from a Newport News, VA, soil.. The humic acids were obtained in the lab by sequential acid/base extractions of the soil samples. Initially, the samples were suspended in a 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours. This technique causes minimum change to the humic acids [11] while removing the maximum amount of organic matter [12]. The mixture was centrifuged in a Beckman model J-21C at 18000 rpm for 20 to 30 minutes to remove the suspended mineral fraction. By addition of 6 N hydrochloric acid, the pH of the supernatant was reduced to below two, at which point the humics acids precipitated out of solution. The liquid was removed and the humic solids were dried at a temperature of 105 degrees Fahrenheit. The entire extraction procedure was repeated to purify the humics. Once dry, the solid humics were stored at 4 degrees Celsius. Two stocks of dry humic acids were made during the experiments.
Golf Course Construction and Renovation
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Humic acid is commercially produced by adding a dilute (~2%) alkali, usually sodium hydroxide, to a humus-bearing material, usually leonardite or possibly coal, lignite, or well-composed peat. Leonardite is a lignitic–organic material related to coal. The sodium hydroxide separates the humus from the alkali-insoluble plant residues present in the leonardite. Acid is added to this humus extraction that produces lignin, humic acid, and fulvic acid. About 50% of the leachate is insoluble precipitate of lignin, which is the portion of plants that is difficult to decompose. The other 50% of the leachate is the water-soluble portion—40% of this being humic acid and the other 10% fulvic acid. The exchange sites of humic acid are filled predominantly with protons (H+ ions)—hence, the name—while fulvic acid contains much of the biostimulant-like materials. These acids have a minimum effect on soil pH because the acids are insoluble in water.
Intrusion of Biotechnology for Degradation of Organic Wastes
Published in Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Khalid Zaffar Masoodi, Environmental Biotechnology, 2022
Rubiya Dar, Baba Uqab, Shah Ishfaq, Saleem Farooq, Riasa Zaffar, Hina Mushtaq
Vermicomposting is a biooxidant cycle in which earthworms in the decomposer culture intensively associate with microorganisms, speeding up organic matter through stabilization with modified physical and biochemical properties. Vermicomposting varies from traditional composting, because the digestive systems of earthworms absorb the organic material. The digested casts may be used to improve soil fertility and physical properties. In this cycle, the earthworms actively participate through physical and biochemical intervention in the destruction of organic matter. Physical involvement in the oxidation of organic substrates results in separation, to improve activity and aeration of the surface area. Alternatively, metabolic shifts in organic matter oxidation are achieved by microorganisms by enzymatic fermentation, nitrogen excretion accumulation, and inorganic and organic content transport. The earthworms contribute significantly to the recycling of organic waste and the development of high humic organic manure which helps to maintain the soil structure, aeration, and fertility. The bioactive substances in the humic acid fertilizer will increase the physiological metabolism, development, production, germination of seeds, etc., while in ordinary fertilizers those characteristics are absent. The use of humic acid fertilizer can also increase crop anti-dry and ant frigidity potential effectively and prevent underground plant disease, insect pests, and pathogenic bacteria. The present reviews describe various aspects that include the composting of organic waste by different worm organisms with vermin.
Strategies in improving plant salinity resistance and use of salinity resistant plants for economic sustainability
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Neelma Munir, Maria Hasnain, Ute Roessner, Zainul Abideen
Humic acid is not a fertilizer but a soil component that can enhance photosynthesis, respiration, cell membrane permeability, water holding capacity, phosphate uptake and it reduces the uptake of sodium ions or toxic elements (Guo et al., 2019). Humic acid provide energy to soil microbes thus making soil more fertile improving root growth by stimulating auxin signaling (Gayathri et al., 2020). Humic acid stimulates H+-ATPase activity in cell membranes which has very important roles in many biochemical pathways and it also influences many metabolic processes like photosynthesis, respiration and nucleic acid synthesis (Matuszak-Slamani et al., 2017). Humic acid increases the concentration and activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes and anti-oxidative enzymes to disable oxygen free radicles produced in plants under salt stress (Ullah et al., 2018). In Terminalia arjuna, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, concentration of chlorophyll, total carotenoids, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and proline are significantly increased under humic acid treatments (El-Kady & Borham, 2020). Root traits and aboveground biomass of Lycium ruthenicum increased by 60.57% when treated with humic acid (Feng et al., 2020).
Effective Utilization of Coal Processing Waste: Separation of Low Ash Clean Coal from Washery Rejects by Hydrothermal Treatment
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Santosh Kumar Sriramoju, Varahala Babu, Pratik Swarup Dash, Saptarshi Majumdar, Debaprasad Shee
Flotation tailings of Indian origin are of semi-bituminous nature, and it is observed that, minor percentage of humic substance is present in it (Estévez et al. 1990). Humic substance is a complex mixture of various acids containing substituted aromatic rings connected by bridges, and the main oxygen-containing groups include carboxyl, alcoholic hydroxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups (de Melo, Motta and Santana 2016; Zhou and Kawatra 2016). Extraction process of humic acid from humus containing material by alkaline hydrothermal extraction technique is being explored by various researchers (Liu, Wu and Wang 2018; Yu et al. 2018; Zheng et al. 2015). Hence simultaneous extraction of humic acid is also possible at pH>10.5, long with mineral extraction as per the equation (Cheng et al. 2019):
Optimization of Lignite Particle Size for Stabilization of Trivalent Chromium in Soils
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2020
Timothy Anemana, Mihály Óvári, Ágnes Szegedi, Nikolett Uzinger, Márk Rékási, Enikő Tatár, Jun Yao, Christina Streli, Gyula Záray, Victor G. Mihucz
Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal, produced under reductive conditions by the decomposition of biomass. It has a complex and heterogeneous 3D-structure consisting of amorphous polymers containing double- or triple-substituted aromatic rings (Robles, Bustos, and Lakatos 2017; Schobert 1995). Lignite is characterized by its high humic acid and fulvic acid content. Thus, these acids are capable primarily of immobilizing metals by means of complex formation or adsorption for di- and trivalent metals (Clemente and Bernal 2006; Martyniuk and Wieckowska 2003). Humic acids also stimulate plant growth and enhance soil nutrients storage (Fitz and Wenzel 2002). So far, only a few studies focused on the application of this cheap sorbent for stabilization of toxic elements in soils (Arslan, Edebali, and Pehlivan 2010; Dong et al. 2008; Janoš et al. 2009; Klučaková and Omelka 2004; Zhao et al. 2016).