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Light Microscopy (LM) in Food Processing
Published in Azharul Karim, Sabrina Fawzia, Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman, Advanced Micro-Level Experimental Techniques for Food Drying and Processing Applications, 2021
Azharul Karim, Sabrina Fawzia, Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman
Lighting is transmitted sequentially through a condenser, the specimen and the target in traditional bright-field microscopy, resulting in a real image that is inverted and magnified inside the microscope tube. The actual image is then magnified once more by the ocular lens, resulting in either a simulated image that appears to be 25 cm away from the eye or a real image on a photographic film (or video) mounted above the microscope tube. If the specimen is not brightly coloured, contrast must be added to help it stand out. The use of dyes or stains with proven specificity for various components of the specimen is a common way to accomplish this. For the food microscopist, the blue staining of starch with iodine is a long-established method but is still a very useful reaction. Many stains are useful for protein localisation, like Fast Green and Acid Fuchsin. Toluidine Blue O (TBO) is a metachromatic dye that is particularly useful in the analysis of foods: TBO stains pectin-containing plant cell walls (e.g. in fruit and vegetable tissues) pink to purple, while TBO stains lignin-containing plant cell walls (e.g. in vascular tissues) to dark blue. Muscle tissue is light pink, fibroblasts are bluish and elastin fibres are turquoise in meat products stained with TBO. Fats are stained with lipid-soluble dyes like Oil Red O. Altering the direction of light entering the specimen, such as in polarising microscopy, is another way to introduce contrast.
Potential Role of Turfgrasses and Understorey Vegetation for Mitigating the Changing Climate
Published in Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Akhlaq Amin Wani, Climate Change Alleviation for Sustainable Progression, 2022
Tabinda Athar, Hina Fatima, Mohd. Kamran Khan, Anamika Pandey, Shumila Shahid, Mehmet Hamurcu, Sait Gezgin
However, removal by grass strips greatly depends on the length and the type of filter strips. Generally, filter strips composed of grass exhibited better removal efficiency when compared to filter strips with shrubs (Yang et al., 2015). Therefore eco-friendly and cost-effective products are in high demand in this regard. Ma et al. (2020) synthesised two bio-sorbents using turfgrass and elm branches and were utilised for the removal of acid-fuchsin. Both synthesised products exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacities (>142.76 mg⋅g−1) for acid-fuchsin. Moreover, both soil type and vegetation type made a significant contribution to the amount of groundwater recharge.
Iron or Iron-Based Bimetallic Nanoparticle-Immobilized Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers for Environmental Remediation Applications
Published in Marta I. Litter, Natalia Quici, Martín Meichtry, Iron Nanomaterials for Water and Soil Treatment, 2018
For practical environmental remediation applications, the reusability and recyclability of the materials are of vital importance. The iron or iron-based bimetallic NP-immobilized nanofibrous mats developed are reusable and recyclable [56, 58, 60]. After exposure to sodium borohydride aqueous solution for 10 min, the nanofibrous mats could be regenerated for further remediation process. The regenerated iron-containing nanofibrous mats exhibited similar performance in the repeated contaminant removal experiments to that of the freshly prepared mats [56, 58, 60]. For instance, nZVI-immobilized PAA/PVA nanofibrous mats performed well in the decoloration of acid fuchsin and methyl blue; the decoloration efficiencies of acid fuchsin and methyl blue were 85% and 91%, respectively, after three cycles of remediation process [56, 58]. Moreover, the dechlorination efficiency of Fe/Pd NP-containing nanofibrous mats could reach up to 90% in the fourth dechlorination experiment after being regenerated with NaBH4 [60]. In addition, the practical environmental remediation application of NPs often requires the NPs to be easily recyclable after the remediation process, instead of leaving the particles dispersed in water to generate secondary contamination. It has been reported that the nZVI- and Fe/Pd bimetallic NP-immobilized nanofibrous mats can be easily separated from the contaminated water by simply taking out of nanofibrous mats. The iron and Fe/Pd bimetallic NPs are quite stable and do not escape from the fibrous mats during the remediation process. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy studies show that no iron or Pd is released from the nanofibrous mats even if the nanofibrous mats are exposed to water for a month [56, 60].
Selective Removal of Acid Fuchsin from Aqueous Solutions by Rapid Adsorption onto Polypyrrole Crosslinked Cellulose/Gelatin Hydrogels
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Jianyu Xing, Bin Yang, Yu Shen, Zihui Wang, Feng Wang, Xiongfei Shi, Zewen Zhang
Synthetic dyes are widely used in the textile, printing, plastic and food processing industries. Data show that more than 700,000 tons of organic dyes are produced each year, and approximately 15% are waste in the operation process, which cause water pollution.[1,2] The synthetic dyes are widely used because of their bright color, good dyeing effect, and simple use. However, except for bringing colors to people’s lives, many dyeing wastewater is produced every year and becomes an urgent and difficult source to address. Most of the synthetic dyes are water soluble, chemically stable, and highly biochemically toxic, which can cause serious environmental problems and thus lead to serious effects on aquatic life and human beings. Among all the dyes, acid dyes with an aromatic structure are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Acid fuchsin (AF), one kind of acid dyes, can also be used as an inhibitor of the reverse transpose of immunodeficiency viruses, laboratory reagent and copper corrosion inhibitor in the preparation of organic/inorganic composites.[3] In view of the widespread use of AF, AF-containing wastewater treatment has attracted wide attention. Extensive research is imperative to enhance the remediation efficiency of the AF pollution.