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Microporous aeration induced performance enhancement of electrochemical softening for circulating cooling water
Published in Binoy K. Saikia, Advances in Applied Chemistry and Industrial Catalysis, 2022
Based on the results and discussions presented above, the conclusions are obtained as below: Microporous aeration can accelerate the mass transfer of scaling ions, improve the precipitation rate of electrochemical reactor and reduce energy consumption. When the current density is 100 A·m-1and the flow rate is 1.2 L·min−1, the precipitation rate is as high as 55 g·m−2·h−1.When there is 5 mg·L−1 ATMP in the cooling water, the sedimentation rate of the reactor under microporous aeration decreases by only 14%.Microporous aeration reduces the accumulation of sediment on the cathode plate, and the sediment with thin morphology helps to improve the precipitation rate and is easier to be removed.
Effect of supercritical CO2 flooding on the produced water quality and performance of the scale inhibitors in a typical tight sandstone oilfield
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Kaixiang Cui, Yufei Xia, Linlin Tian, Shuai Wang, Yongyao He
In oilfields, adding a small concentration of scale inhibitor is an effective and economical way to solve the CaCO3 scaling problem (Jing, Tang, and Li 2013). Many kinds of materials could be used as scale inhibitors, such as inorganic water-soluble molecules containing phosphorus, polymers and natural substances (Ketrane et al. 2009; Kumar, Naiya, and Kumar 2018). Phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid groups are the most common functional groups in the scale inhibitors (Senthilmurugan et al. 2011). It is generally believed that the main mechanisms of scale inhibition include (Ketrane et al. 2009): threshold effect, crystal distortion effect, dispersion effect, chelating effect, etc. At present, polyphosphate and polycarboxylic acid are used as the most common scale inhibitors in oilfields ( Yu et al., 2018). Aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) and Hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP) (Baraka-Lokmane et al. 2009; Ji et al. 2017) are widely used polyphosphoric acid scale inhibitor, which show effective scale inhibiting efficiency even at a small dosage. However, this kind of scale inhibitor is not environmentally friendly. Polycarboxylic scale inhibitors such as Polyacrylic acid (PAA) and Maleic anhydride-acrylic acid copolymer (MA-AA) (Senthilmurugan et al. 2011) are also widely used as scale inhibitors in oilfield. The scale inhibition effect is not as good as phosphoric acid inorganic scale inhibitors, but the structure basically does not contain nitrogen and phosphorus elements, and leads less pollution to water.