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Whither tubular structures research?
Published in M.A. Jaurrieta, A. Alonso, J.A. Chica, Tubular Structures X, 2017
Since the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes in the 1990s, with their numerous brittle fractures of steel members and welded connections, there is much more awareness of material notch toughness for all applications where dynamic loading is a design condition. In addition to bridges, cranes, amusement rides and much mechanical and agricultural equipment, buildings in seismic regions also need to have steel with an adequate notch toughness at the lowest anticipated service temperature. The most common method for specifying a structural steel’s notch toughness is by a minimum guaranteed Charpy V-Notch (CVN) rating, measured in Joules (or ft.–lbs) at a particular test temperature. Hot-rolled hollow sections are generally recognised as having good notch toughness properties, whereas this is not necessarily the case for cold-formed hollow sections (Kosteski and Packer 2003), although the latter dominate the marketplace internationally. In Europe, probably the most common grade of cold-formed structural tubing available now is S355J2H to EN 10219-1 (1997). This guarantees a minimum notch toughness of 27Joules at –20°C, which is likely adequate for most dynamic loading situations. In North America however, the prevailing ASTM A500 (2001) specification has no notch toughness classifications for various grades. Instead, within the Scope it states “… Note 1 – Products manufactured to this specification may not be suitable for those applications such as dynamically-loaded elements in welded structures, etc., where low-temperature notch-toughness properties may be important.” By Canadian Standards (1998) there are five categories for specifying notch toughness, requiring 27 Joules (for grade 350 WT) at 0°C, – 20°C, – 30°C, –45°C and “any other specified temperature”, respectively. However, structural tubing with a notch toughness category is not commonly produced in North America, yet this has not inhibited its ubiquitous use for all manner of applications.
A practical diagram to determine the residual longitudinal strength of grounded ship in Northern Sea Route
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2020
Do Kyun Kim, Han Byul Kim, Dong Hee Park, Mohd Hairil, Jeom Kee Paik
Bilinear type stress–strain curves obtained by material coupon test under RT, −20°C, −40°C, −60°C and −80°C were adopted for numerical simulation. These temperatures were tested to consider the cold temperature effects for the super aqueous (above the water surface or waterline) structural element in a finite element model. There are a number of experimental study outcomes to investigate on the effects of cold temperature and its applications. The material properties of steel, SUS, aluminium, and others, in particular, were studied by many researchers using experimental and numerical methods (Park et al. 2010, 2011; Yoo et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2014). They considered the effect of temperature variation and the effect of strain rate. Paik et al. (2011) performed a material coupon tensile test for ASTM A500-type carbon steel under the above-mentioned cold temperature condition by two types of cooling methods: liquid nitrogen-based cooling and dry–ice-based cooling.